Urban Issues and Challenges

define a rural area

an area that is located outside towns and cities, characterised by low population and building density

define an urban area

places of human settlement with high population density, characterised by their built-up infrastructure

define urbanisation

the increasing proportion of people living in towns and cities

define ‘the rates of urbanisation‘

the projected change of the size of the urban population over one year, measured as a percentage

list the factors that change the rate of urbanisation

• migration

• rural urban migration

• internal migration

• international migration

• natural increase

what is migration?

• a factor that affects the rate of urbanisation

• movement of people from one place to another

what is international migration?

• a factor that affects the rate of urbanisation

• people moving from one country to another

what is internal migration?

• a factor that affects the rate of urbanisation

• people moving within a country

what is natural increase?

• a factor that affects the rate of urbanisation

• when birth rate exceeds death rate

define megacities

a city with a population over 10 million people

describe where London is on a global scale

• northern hemisphere

• western Europe 

describe where London is on a national scale

• south east of England

• river Thames runs through from west to east

what is rural urban migration?

• a factor that affects the rate of urbanisation

• people moving from the countryside to towns or cities

where is the Borough of Newham located within London?

• East London

• northern of the river Thames

what is your case study?

LONDON

give local reasons as to why London is important

• 40% of London is green space -  greenest city in the world

• average London house price in 2018 was around £486,000 - average UK price was around £242,000

give national reasons as to why London is important

• Londoners earn 23% more than the UK average 

• current population is over 8.8 million

give global reasons as to why London is important

30 million tourists (2017)

an impact for international migration on the growth of the city

international migration has increased London’s population, especially since the 1990’s, as people arrive from the EU, Africa, and Asia for work, study, and safety

an impact for national migration on the growth of the city

national migration (e.g. young adults moving to London for jobs and education) further boosts the city’s population, while some older residents move out

an impact for international migration on the character of the city

London is highly multicultural, over 300 languages spoken and communities such as South Hall (indian)

what does migration lead to which impacts the character of the city?

migration leads o a diverse range of food, music, festivals (e.g. Notting Hill Carnival), and shops. schools, religious buildings, and services reflect the city’s diversity, making London a global vibrant city

an impact of general migration on the growth of the city

migration fuels demand for housing, services, and creates economic growth

explain how new housing is a main feature of the London Regeneration project

construction of thousands of new homes, including affordable housing in the East village

explain how the Olympic park is a main feature of the London Regeneration project

creation of QEOP with green spaces, sports facilities, and playground

explain how Westfield Shopping Centre is a main feature of the London Regeneration project

development of one of Europe’s largest shopping centres, creating jobs and boosting the local economy

explain how the environmental improvements is a main feature of the London Regeneration project

cleaning polluted land, creating wetlands, and planting thousands of trees to enhance biodiversity

explain how community facilities is a main feature of the London Regeneration project

new schools, health centres and leisure facilities for local residents

how is high unemployment and poverty a reason as to why the area needed to be regenerated?

many local people struggled to find jobs, leading to low incomes and reduced quality of life

how is poor quality + overcrowded housing a reason as to why the area needed to be regenerated?

much of the housing was old and in poor condition, making living standards low

how is derelict and contaminated industrial land a reason as to why the area needed to be regenerated?

old factories and wasteland were unused and often polluted, making the area unattractive and unsafe

how is a lack of investment and a declining local economy a reason as to why the area needed to be regenerated?

businesses were closing or moving away, so there were fewer opportunities for work and growth

how is limited transport links and infrastructure a reason as to why the area needed to be regenerated?

poor public transport made it hard for residents to access jobs and services in other parts of London

how is poor environmental quality and few green spaces a reason as to why the area needed to be regenerated?

the area lacked clean, safe parks and suffered from pollution, affecting health and well-being