Unit 4: 1800-1848

Jefferson Administration

Jefferson didn't like Constitution, or National Bank. Democratic Republican, anti-Hamiltonian. Stopped funding Navy. Dominated by Embargo Act. Secretary of State was Madison.

Barbary Wars

(Tripolitan Wars) two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. Pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review.

Lousiana Purchase

The selling of Louisiana by the French to the United States in 1803 for about $15 million; Jefferson was hesitant about the purchase, as he didn't believe it was constitutional, however, he eventually submitted to the treaties of Congress. It essentially doubled the size of the U.S. Defined implied powers. Flordia boundary confusion with Spain.

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England was trying to interfere with American trade with France. Us thought Britain was the cause of Native attacks. Federalists opposed this war, leading to a dem/rep supremacy.

Policy of Impressment

When British would kidnap American cargo and sailors. They would force sailors to fight on British Boats

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Monroe Presidency

During the war of 1812, peace and prosperity.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Cumberland Road (National Road)

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West. Funded by Congress

Eerie Canal

A historic canal that connects the Hudson River at Albany in eastern New York with the Niagara River and the Great Lakes. It opened in 1825.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers. (Foreign Policy)

The Market Revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves. Linking of northern factories to southern farms. Added new technology like trains and the cotton gin.

Social Changes (Market Revolution)

Women in factories, growing middle class, wealth inequality, immigration

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands.

Lowell Mills

textile mill located in a factory town in Massachusetts that employed farm girls who lived in company-owned boarding houses

Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)

Jackson, Clay, Adams, and Crawford all ran. The House of Reps chose Adams because Henry Clay had supported him. After Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. This was seen as a corrupt bargain by Andrew Jackson

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government

Tariff of Abominations

A tariff passed by Congress in 1828 favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South. Led to south caroline succession. (Forced bill)

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Worchester v GA

Supreme Court Case which ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the boundaries of the Cherokee territory and supported the Cherokees.

Transendentalism

a movement that sought to explore the relationship between humans and animals through emotions rather then through reason

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. (Charles Fourier) Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

Utopian Communities

groups of people who tried to form a perfect society

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Charles Grandison Finney

An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was against slavery and alcohol.

Millerites

Seventh-Day Adventists who followed William Miller. They sold their possessions because they believed the Second Coming would be in 1843 or 1844, and waited for the world to end.

Garrison's Liberator

William Garrison Created an anti-slavery newspaper and potent force against slavery by late 1840s. Made slavery a profoundly moral issue, personalizing the plight of slaves. Helped abolitionist movement.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Declaration of Sentiments

declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights

Asylum movement; Dorothea Dix

reformers proposed setting up new public institutions such as state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses; hope was that the inmates of these institutions would be cured of their antisocial behavior by being treated to a disciplined pattern of life in some rural setting

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence