Chapter 6 Anatomic Descriptors and Fundamental Body Structure FLASHCARDS

Located away from the midline

lateral

Material within the chromosome that encodes the genes which are located at specific sites on the chromosome

DNA

Located toward the midline

medial

Lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity

Pelvic cavity

Process through which substances are moved from the inside of a cell to the outside

exocytosis

Front side of the body

anterior or ventral

Study of mechanisms by which disease occurs, the responses of the body to the disease process, and the effects of both on normal function

Pathophysiology

Upper portion of the abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal Cavity

Process through which large molecules are absorbed into a cell

Endocytosis

Back side of the body

posterior or dorsal

Group of cells of the same type that join together for a common purpose are called:

tissues

In the embryonic form, these cells have the potential to develop into all or nearly all of the tissues of the body

stem cell

Type of gene that can produce a trait without regard to the nature of its pair member

dominant gene

Group of body organs that perform similar functions

systems

Presence of a structural defect in the roof of the mouth

cleft palate

Condition that exists when the internal environment is functioning properly and all the organs and tissues of the body are performing their appropriate tasks

homeostasis

Structural malformation of the spine in which the posterior portion of the spinal tissues fails to close during the first 3 months of pregnancy

spina bifida

Two or more types of tissue that work together to perform a specific body function

organs

Type of gene that does not result in a recognizable trait unless both members of the gene pair are of a similar mutation

recessive gene

Generalized dysfunction of the exocrine glands, affecting multiple organ systems

cystic fibrosis

Type of muscle tissue found connected to the bones of the body

skeletal or striated muscle

Insertion of a perfect gene into the cells of a person with a congenital disorder caused by a defective gene is called:

gene therapy

Technique used to isolate, characterize, and produce large quantities of specific pieces of DNA from very small amounts of starting material

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Type of muscle tissue found within the walls of all the organs of the body except the heart

Smooth muscle

Information provided to a couple regarding their risks of having a child with a genetic disorder is called:

genetic counseling

What is the method of screening for breast and ovarian cancer?

BRCA testing

Type of involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart

cardiac muscle

Detection and identification method used in criminal investigations

DNA fingerprinting

What provides an organized watery environment in which life functions take place by the activities of the organelles contained in the cytoplasm?

cytoplasm

Which organelle serves as sites for protein synthesis?

ribosomes

Which organelle transports large particles into a cell?

pinocytic vesicles

Which organelle provides spindle fibers for attaching chromosomes during cellular division?

centrioles

Which organelle provides passages through which transport of substances occurs in cytoplasm?

endoplasmic reticulum

What functions as a site for RNA synthesis?

nucleolus

What serves as the “brain” for the control of the cell’s metabolic activities and cell division and has DNA and genes?

nucleus

What regulates the transport of substances into and out of the cell?

cell membrane

What contains two centrioles that are functional during animal cell division?

centrosome

Which organelle serve as centers of cellular digestion?

lysosomes

What is a clear, semifluid medium that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli?

nucleoplasm

What manufactures carbohydrates and packages secretions for discharge from the cell?

golgi apparatus

What serves as sites of cellular respiration and energy production; the “powerhouse” of the cell?

mitochondria

What regulates the transport of substances into and out of the nucleus?

nuclear membrane

The science of the function of cells, tissues, and organs of the body is called:

physiology

The _____ divides the anterior cavity into an upper thoracic cavity and a lower abdominopelvic cavity.

diaphragm

When the abdomen is divided into nine regions, what is the name of the three areas in the middle row?

left lumbar, right lumbar, and umbillical

When the abdomen is divided into nine regions, what is the name of the three superior regions?

left hypochondriac, right hypochondriac, and epigastric.

When the abdomen is divided into nine regions, what is the name of the three inferior regions?

left iliac, right iliac, and hypogastric

The cell membrane consists of _____ and _____ molecules

protein and lipid

The incidence of Down syndrome in North America is about __ in every 700 live births, but varies depending on the mother’s age.

1

Patients with galactosemia cannot digest:

milk

Turner’s syndrome is characterized by short stature, webbing of the neck, a low hairline, and the underdevelopment of:

ovaries

Edema causes the affected tissues to appear:

puffy or swollen

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord are called _____ nerves.

peripheral

True or False Anatomy is the study of body structure, while physiology is the study of body function.

True

True or False The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

True

True or False The human body’s simplest level of organization is the cellular level.

False

True or False Water is the most abundant compound in the human body.

True

True or False The mitochondria are known as the “powerhouse” of the cell because they produce energy.

True

True or False Nervous tissue specializes in contraction to allow body movement.

False

True or False Connective tissue includes bone, blood, and cartilage.

True

True or False An organ is made up of two or more different types of tissues working together to perform a specific function.

True

True or False Genetic mutations can be inherited or occur spontaneously.

True

True or False Down syndrome is an example of a congenital disorder caused by an extra chromosome.

True

True or False As people age, body systems interact less efficiently, which can increase susceptibility to disease.

True

True or False Modern genetic techniques can be used to detect certain inherited diseases before birth.

True