Stats Test 1

psych stats exam 1 content

belief bias

we are more likely to believe an argument with incorrect reasoning it has a logical claim

Simpson’s Paradox

the results of 1 trial may be different than the overall data

base rate fallacy

you have to take the number of people in each category within the entire population into account

construct

concept that cannot be directly observed

measure

method used to gather data

variable

results

operalization

turning a construct into a measurement

steps to operalization

being precise about what you are measuring, choose an appropriate method, define variables

nominal

discrete categories

ordinal

ranked categories

interval

ranking with known intervals

ratio

ranking with known intervals and a meaningful 0

continuous

for any data point there can be an intermediate value

continuous measurements are

interval and ratio

discrete

there are 2 data points without an intermediate value in between them

discrete measurements are

nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Likert scale

measuring preferences on a scale

test-retest reliability

getting similar results across multiple repeats of an experiment

interrater reliability

2 different people get consistent measurements

internal consistency

do different parts of the measurement that perform the same function give similar answers

predictor variable

doing the explaining

outcome variable

being explained

internal validity

extent to which you can draw causal relationships between variables

external validity

extent to which you would see the same results in the general population

construct validity

are you measuring what you think you’re measuring

face validity

do the questions appear to be measuring that they are intended for

reliability

how consistent scores are

validity

how accurate the data are

mean

average

median

middle value

mode

number that occurs most often

positive skew

fewer values at high numbers, median closer to 25th percentile, mean is less than median

negative skew

more values at high numbers, median closer to 75th percentile, mean is greater than median

kurtosis

how pointy a graph is

range

greatest value-smallest value

IQR

75th percentile-25th percentile

mean standard deviation

degrees away from the mean

variance

measure that takes outliers into account and magnifies them

z-score

standardizing data to compare two unrelated constructs and interpret results in terms of standard deviation