P6 u4-6

projectile

projectile

refers to any object that has an initial velocity, but proceeds through a parabolic path, called a trajectory

trajectory

a parabolic path that a projectile proceeds through

projectile

can then be defined as an object whose motion, in the absence of air resistance, consists of horizontal motion with constant velocity and vertical motion with constant acceleration.

launch angle

one of the most crucial components of projectile motion is the _____ , which significantly influences the height, range, and time of flight the projectile will experience during the course of its motion.

Force

is usually referred to as the pull or push exerted upon an object as it interacts with another object

The vector F

is distinguished according to its direction,

magnitude

or the amount of strength of the push or pull.

the SI unit newton (N}

The magnitude of force is expressed by

contact force

An interaction that brings about a direct physical contact between two objects is caused by what is called a

Normal force

refers to the force exerted upon an object by the surface with. This force is perpendicular to the surface, regardless of its angle.

Friction force

refers to the force exerted upon an object by a surface, such that the force is parallel to it. heading against the direction the object is sliding

Tension force

refers to the pulling force exerted upon an object by a cord it is attached to

Air resistance force

is a force opposite the relative motion of the object as it moves through the air.

Applied force

is a force applied to an object by a person or another object.

spring force

or sometimes called restoring force is a force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring to an object. It is always opposite in direction to the displacement of the object.

noncontact forces

which are also referred to as long-range or action-at-a-distance forces

Magnetic force

is responsible for the repulsion or attraction between moving charged particles.

Electric force

is the force exerted by one electric charge to another, both for stationary and moving charges.

Gravitational force

refers to the force responsible for attracting two objects that have mass, or the amount of matter available in an object. This is commonly distinguished from weight, which is the gravitational force exerted upon an object.

field or noncontact forces

the known fundamental forces found in nature are

The strong nuclear force

keeps the atoms from separating together due to the electric force from the repulsion of the protons.

The electromagnetic forces

between electric charges can either be attractive or repulsive. It explains the interaction between moving and static charges. They also act at extremely large distances.

The weak nuclear force

is found in radioactive processes. It is also responsible for the nuclear reactions that generate the Sun’s energy output.

The gravitational force

, as mentioned above, is the force responsible for attracting two objects with mass. In astronomical systems, it determines the motion of moons, planets, stars, and galaxies. It also affects the nature of time and space.

The strong and weak nuclear forces

are only found in a very short range (10-¹⁸–10-¹⁵m)

gravitational and electromagnetic forces

have infinite ranges.

free-body diagram

is a vector diagram that illustrates the overall picture of the magnitude and direction of the forces that influence an object in a given scenario.

first law of motion

states that “every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform velocity in a straight line, as long as no net force acts on it.”

inertia

This tendency of objects to remain in motion is referred to as

inertial frame of reference

is a perspective considered to identify whether an object is at rest, or is moving with a constant velocity.

fictitious force

also called d’Alembert force (named after the French mathematician and physicist Jean-Baptiste le Rond d’Alembert), is a force that seems to be acting upon an object whose motion is characterized using a non-inertial reference frame, i.e., accelerating or rotating.

Centripetal acceleration

is the acceleration of an object traversing a circular path with constant speed.

Centrifugal force

is a term used to denote a force that “seeks the center”.

Magnitude of the acceleration

is the direction of the vector for acceleration in relation to the vector for velocity of a uniformly revolving object.

Freqeuncy

refers to the number of revolutions an object takes per unit of time.

Time

is the amount of time that the object has taken to complete its trip in the curvature.

acceleration

A change in velocity is referred to as _______

net external force

_____ is the combination of individual forces exerted on an object.

directly proportional

the magnitude of acceleration a is ______ the magnitude of the net external force F. to

constant

There is a _____ ratio between the magnitudes of the net force and acceleration.

directly proportional

Newton's Law states the direction of the acceleration is______ to that of the net external force.

kilogram

_____ is the SI unit of mass.

external force

Any force from outside the system of interest that affects the object under consideration is an _____

constant

The Second Law is only relevant when the object's mass is _____

inertial

The Second Law may only apply in ______ frames of reference.

1m/s2

Newton is the amount of net force yielding an acceleration. of ____ to an object with a 1-kilogram mass.