exam 3 lecture bonus

The ____ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body.

respiratory

The amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is  ____ plus the amount that is ______ minus the amount that is _______.

filtered, secreted, reabsorbed

Which of the following is classified as the countercurrent multiplier within the kidney?

movement of filtrate first down the descending limb of the nephron loop, where water may leave, followed by movement up the ascending limb, where water is retained and ions are transported into the medulla

Which of the following membranes activities requires energy from ATP?

movement of Na+ ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid

When blood pressure increases, blood vessels supplying the kidney will ________ to mount a steady rate of filtration.

contract

Complete the sentence: Ions diffuse across membranes through specific ion channels down ________.

their electrochemical gradients

Which of the following epithelia is most commonly encountered in the respiratory zone?

simple squamous epithelium

What can we infer about hemoglobin from a left-shifted oxygen dissociation curve?

hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen and decreases the ease of oxygen unloading

Which enzyme contributes to both internal and external respiration pathways?

carbonic anhydrase

Which would most directly decrease the production of aldosterone?

injecting a drug that blocks the production of angiotensin 2

Gas flow decreases as _____ increases.

resistance

Which of the following structures would be the final lymphatic structure encountered when draining interstitial fluid from the left temporal region?

left lymphatic duct

Under normal circumstances, which of the following would result from an increase in transpulmonary pressure?

Inhalation/inspiration

Which of the following are targets of PTH

kidney tubules, bones, intestines

Which of the following is false with respect to structures of the bronchial tree?

epithelium changes from PSCC to simple squamous epithelium

In which histological layer of the ureter would you expect to find the smooth muscle layers responsible for peristalsis?

tunica musculais

Total-body balance of water and Na+ is largely maintained by regulating urinary loss of these substances.

true

After prolonged exertion in a hot climate, baroreceptors would ____ firing, leading to ____ secretion of _____ and thus _____ renal reabsorption of ____.

decrease, increased, vasopressin, increased, water

The olfactory pits form from which of the following?

ectoderm

In which of the following ways do the kidneys contribute to homeostasis?

regulation of systemic pH, regulation of blood pressure, regulation of blood glucose

Which of the following is most responsible for keeping the lung surface and the thoracic wall from separating?

subatmospheric intrapleural pressure

During a yoga class you take a deep breath, then relax and let the breath out slowly. During that exhalation, which would NOT be true?

intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure

A full complement of mature alveoli are present by ____.

early childhood, around 8 years of age

What effect do you expect angiotensin II to have on glomerular filtration?

decrease glomerular filtration rate

How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood during internal respiration?

converted to bicarbonate ions

Constriction of the ____ decreases hydrostatic pressure in ____.

afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

Which of the following are derived from liver secretions and cause vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels?

angiotensin II

When you take a breath, what is the first type of epithelium encountered by a molecule of air?

stratified squamous epithelium

Most absorption and secretion occurs in this part of the nephron.

proximal convoluted tubule

What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic hormone?

increased blood pressure

Type II alveolar cells are among the last cells to mature during fetal development. In babies born prematurely, type II alveolar cells are often not ready to perform their function. Which of the following would be TRUE of these babies?

they would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli

Which of the following muscles are contracted during the expiration phase of forces breathing?

internal intercostals

Which would result from a vitamin D deficiency?

an increase in parathyroid hormone level

A section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the ___.

bronchopulmonary segment

The filtered load of water in an average person is approximately 180 L/day.

true

What is the primary regulator of the magnitude of alveolar ventilation under normal circumstances?

the H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

Which of the following is a characteristic of external respiration?

gas exchange occurs in the alveoli

Which of the following structures is responsible for violent/spasmodic coughing when stimulated?

carina

To which structure of the cardiovascular system is lymph returned?

subclavian vein

Which of the following is the best explanation for the structure of the respiratory membrane:

by sharing a fused basal laminae, type 1 alveolar cells and capillary endothelium reduce the distance required for diffusion of gases

A patient has a bacterial infection in the renal tubules where it caused inflammation. The tubules narrowed due to hardening and inflammation, thereby increasing resistance. A fluid back-up ensued. Which of the following is TRUE?

GFR will decrease, hydrostatic pressure of Bowman’s capsule will increase

Which of the following is responsible for the regulation of respiratory rate and depth?

medulla oblongata

Compared to the normal plasma osmolarity, the tubular fluid is ____ as it enters Bowman’s space, ______ at the beginning of the loop of Henle, _____ at the tip of the loop, and _______ at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule.

isosmotic; isosmotic; hyper-osmotic; hypo-osmotic

What hormone directly opposes the actions of natriuretic hormones?

aldosterone

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between internal and external respiration?

internal respiration to the exchange of gases between the blood and tissues, while external respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the lungs and blood

Which of the following statements concerning the process of glomerular filtration is correct?

the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration

Which of the following structures are shared between the digestive and respiratory systems?

oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Which of the following structures of the nephron contributes most to the establishment of the medullary gradient?

ascending limb of the nephron loop

Oxyhemoglobin forms by a chemical reaction between which of the following?

hemoglobin and oxygen

Which function(s) of the respiratory system do type 1 alveolar cells contribute towards?

exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces

Which of these causes inhalation/inspiration?

flattening (downward movement) of the diaphragm

The color of urine is determined mainly by ____?

by products of red blood cell breakdown

Which of the following most accurately describes the actions of aldosterone?

aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting duct

Increased ventilation that results in an increase in blood pH is called _____.

hyperventilation

Which of the following pressures do you expect to be negative with respect to atmospheric pressure?

the ribs and sternum move upward

Which of the following pressures do you expect to be negative with respect to atmospheric pressure?

intrapleural pressure

In healthy individuals, the amount of glucose present in urine will be virtually zero because the amount of glucose reabsorption from the filtrate back into the blood prevents excretion.

true

Which of the following are hypothalamic hormones that causes vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels?

vasopressin

During internal respiration, oxygen is unloaded from hemoglobin and diffuses into which structure?

tissues

_______ pressure must be greater on the capillary side of the filtration membrane achieve filtration.

hydrostatic

In which region of the kidney would you expect to find the nephron loops responsible for concentrating urine?

medulla

How will inhaled oxygen behave If the partial pressure in the alveolar air is ~104 mm Hg and partial pressure of blood entering alveolar capillaries is ~40 mm Hg?

Oxygen will diffuse across the respiratory membrane moving from alveolus to the blood

Which of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes?

erythropoietin

What is the name for the anterior portion of the nasal cavity?

vestibule

Following strenuous exercise, blood levels of lactic acid are _____ compared to pre-exercise levels. This change in acid concentration causes a reflex ____ in ventilation by activating ___.

increased; increase; peripheral chemoreceptors

In which of the following structures would you not expect to find chyle?

right lymphatic duct

What happens to the fluid that remains in the lungs after birth?

it is absorbed shortly after birth

Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ___?

paracrine

Peristaltic contractions occur in the ____.

urethra, bladder, and ureters

What is the term for the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation?

residual volume

The primary structure found within the medulla is the _____.

loop of Henle

Complete the sentence: ______ results in a _____ of both GFR and renal blood flow.

vasodilation; increase

Which of the following tissues would you expect to find lining the urinary bladder?

transitional epithelium

Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in?

pulmonary ventilation

What is the term for the process of the body using oxygen to produce energy and carbon dioxide as a waste product?

external respiration

What is the best explanation for oxygen-binding induced affinity in hemoglobin?

each molecule of oxygen that binds causes a change in protein shape that exposes more oxygen binding sites

When ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs?

the capillary constricts

Drug X is a new drug to treat Alzheimer’s Disease. This drug is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and circulate in the Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The drug is slightly acidic and at the recommended dose it decreases the CSF pH from 7.4 to 7.3. Will Drug X have any effect on respiration?

it will cause an increase in respiratory rate

You are a scientist at a drug company where your CEO has asked for your team to create a drug that will inhibit spontaneous emptying of the bladder (incontinence). Which of the following drug would be effective?

a drug that blocks the effects of parasympathetic neurons on the detrusor muscle

Which is the main function of internal respiration in the body?

exchange of gases between the blood and tissues

What effect do you expect angiotensinogen to have on glomerular filtration?

increase glomerular filtration rate

Complete the sentence: ____ results in a _____ of both GFR and renal blood flow.

vasoconstriction; decrease

The kidney is only innervated by autonomic neurons associated with the parasympathetic system.

false

Which of the following roles does carbonic anhydrase serve in the proximal convoluted tubule (select all that apply).

conversion of carbonic acid into water and carbon dioxide, conversion of water and carbon dioxide into carbonic acid

Which is TRUE about the hormone vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone, ADH)?

it triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide?

it diffuses into the alveoli

Which of the following processes involve the exchange of gases between the blood and tissues?

internal respiration

Which of the following cartilages forms the laryngeal prominence?

thyroid cartilage

Which of the following forces is the least important factor in glomerular filtration in a health individual?

oncotic pressure within the glomerular capsule

Which physical mechanism allows lymphatic capillaries to collect interstitial fluid?

hydrostatic pressure gradients

After CO2 is produced by tissues, in what form is most of the carbon transported to the lungs for removal from the body?

as dissolved HCO3-

What is the role of surfactant in the alveoli during respiration?

prevent alveolar collapse

How will inhaled carbon dioxide behave If the partial pressure in the alveolar air is ~40 mm Hg and partial pressure of blood entering alveolar capillaries is ~45 mm Hg?

carbon dioxide will diffuse across the respiratory membrane moving from blood to the alveolus

Which of the following epithelia is most commonly encountered in the conductive zone?

PSCC

You are the CEO of a drug company where you’ve asked five teams of scientists to generate new drugs to decrease blood pressure. You can only send four of the drugs to market. Which of these drugs is least likely to decrease blood pressure and con be eliminated from potential development?

a drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme

Which of the following tissues would you expect to find lining the ureters?

transitional epithelium

The end result of the RAAS is to _____.

increase blood pressure

Which of the following are neurotransmitters that cause vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels?

norepinephrine

Which of the following is a component of the respiratory membrane where gas exchange occurs during external respiration?

capillary endothelium

During a physical examination, Joe learns that his resting tidal volume is 550 mL; his average resting respiratory rate is 15 breaths per minute; his total lung capacity is 6,000 mL; and his anatomic dead space is 150 mL. Joe’s resting alveolar ventilation is

6.0 L/min