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What was the purpose of Residential Schools in Canada?

To assimilate Indigenous children by erasing their culture, language, and identity.

What is the Truth and Reconciliation Commission?

A commission that documented the history and legacy of residential schools and made 94 Calls to Action for healing and justice.

What was the 1995 Quebec Referendum about?

A vote on whether Quebec should separate from Canada; the "No" side narrowly won with 50.6%.

What is the Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

A 1982 constitutional document guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms to all Canadians.

What is Reasonable Accommodation?

A legal principle requiring institutions to adapt policies to respect individual rights and differences.

Who was Pierre Trudeau and why is he significant?

Former PM who patriated the Constitution in 1982 and introduced the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

What is Social Justice in the Canadian context?

Promoting equality, inclusion, and fair treatment for all groups, especially marginalized communities.

What was the Kitchen Accord?

An informal late

Who was Elijah Harper and what did he do?

Cree politician who blocked the Meech Lake Accord in Manitoba due to lack of Indigenous consultation.

What was the 2022 Truckers Convoy?

A protest movement opposing vaccine mandates and COVID

What were the four long

term causes of WWI?

What was the short

term cause of WWI?

Who was Canada’s Prime Minister during WWI?

Robert Borden.

What were the two main alliances in WWI?

Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia) and Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria

Who was Franz Ferdinand?

Heir to the Austro

What happened at the Battle of Ypres?

First use of poison gas; Canadians held the line under extreme conditions.

What happened at the Battle of the Somme?

A failed Allied offensive with heavy casualties and little gain.

Why was the Battle of Vimy Ridge significant?

It was Canada’s first time fighting as a unified force; symbol of national identity.

What is conscription?

Forced military service; in WWI, it divided English and French Canadians.

Who supported conscription?

Most English Canadians and the federal government.

Who opposed conscription?

French Canadians, farmers, and some labour groups.

What was life like in the trenches?

Dirty, dangerous, full of disease, rats, and constant threat of death.

Who was Billy Bishop?

Canada’s most famous WWI flying ace; awarded the Victoria Cross.

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

The peace treaty that ended WWI; blamed Germany and imposed harsh penalties.

What is an armistice?

A formal agreement to stop fighting; WWI armistice signed on November 11, 1918.

How did Canada raise money for the war?

Through Victory Bonds and increased taxes.

What were enemy aliens?

People from enemy nations living in Canada, often placed in internment camps.

What was the role of women during WWI?

Took over jobs at home, worked as nurses; led to women gaining the right to vote.

What were Canada’s major contributions on the Homefront?

War production, recruitment, fundraising, and women’s labour.

What were the results of WWI for Canada?

Increased independence, international recognition, and national pride.

What was the Winnipeg General Strike?

A massive 1919 strike for better wages and conditions; ended in Bloody Saturday.

What was Bloody Saturday?

A violent clash between protestors and police during the Winnipeg General Strike.

Who were suffragettes?

Women fighting for the right to vote.

Who were the Famous Five?

Group of women who led the Persons Case, gaining legal recognition for women as "persons."

What were some technological innovations in the 1920s?

Radio, automobiles, airplanes, assembly lines.

What was prohibition?

Ban on alcohol production and sale; led to smuggling and bootlegging.

What was the impact of prohibition in Ontario?

Increased crime, underground bars (speakeasies), and police corruption.

Why did new political parties emerge during the Depression?

To respond to the failures of traditional parties and demand reforms.

Examples of Canada's growing autonomy?

Statute of Westminster 1931, independent foreign policy.

What caused the Great Depression?

Stock market crash, overproduction, global trade collapse, drought in Prairies.

What was the impact of the Great Depression?

Mass unemployment, poverty, loss of homes and farms.

What happened in the Prairies during the Depression?

Drought and dust storms ruined farms; known as the Dust Bowl.

What did PM King do during the Depression?

Believed it was a provincial problem; did little at first.

What did PM Bennett do during the Depression?

Created relief camps; proposed the "Bennett New Deal" with social programs.

What were Relief Camps?

Government camps for unemployed men; provided work and shelter but were criticized.

What was the On

to

What was the Continuous Passage Act?

A law designed to limit immigration, especially from India.

What was the purpose of residential schools?

To assimilate Indigenous children by erasing their culture.

What was the St. Louis incident?

A ship carrying Jewish refugees was turned away from Canada in 1939.

What was Bennett’s New Deal?

A failed attempt to implement social welfare programs during the Depression.

How did Canada–US relations change post

WWI?

What were the main causes of WWII?

Treaty of Versailles, rise of dictators, failure of appeasement, global depression.

What ideologies rose after WWI?

Fascism in Italy and Germany; Communism in USSR.

How did Hitler and the Nazis gain power?

Promised to restore Germany’s pride and economy; used propaganda and fear.

What were Hitler’s domestic policies?

Anti

How were Jews treated in Nazi Germany?

Stripped of rights, forced into ghettos, targeted by violence and laws like the Nuremberg Laws.

What are examples of appeasement?

Allowing Germany to occupy the Rhineland, Austria, and Sudetenland without retaliation.

How did Canada contribute to WWII?

Troops, navy, air force, war production, training (British Commonwealth Air Training Plan).

What happened at Dunkirk?

Massive evacuation of Allied troops from France in 1940.

What happened in the Battle of Britain?

Germany’s failed air assault on Britain; Britain resisted with help from the RAF.

What was Operation Barbarossa?

Germany’s failed invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.

What happened at the Dieppe Raid?

Failed Canadian raid on the French coast; heavy casualties but lessons learned.

What happened at Juno Beach?

Canadian landing during D

What was the Italian Campaign?

Allied effort to liberate Italy; included the brutal Battle of Ortona.

What was the Hong Kong battle?

Canadians were captured and imprisoned by Japan; many died in POW camps.

What happened with the S.S. St. Louis?

Jewish refugees were denied entry into Canada and returned to Europe.

Why was Operation Barbarossa a mistake?

Germany underestimated Soviet resistance and winter; led to major losses.

How did Canada contribute on the Homefront?

Victory Bonds, rationing, women in workforce, propaganda, war production.

What was the conscription crisis in WWII?

PM King promised no conscription, then changed his position in 1944 due to need for troops.

What were Japanese internment camps?

Forced relocation and imprisonment of Japanese Canadians during WWII.

What were the long

term effects of internment?

How did propaganda work in WWII?

Used posters, radio, and film to influence public opinion and boost morale.

How did women participate in WWII?

Worked in factories, served as nurses and in military support roles.

What was the Holocaust?

Systematic genocide of 6 million Jews and others by Nazi Germany.

What is VE

Day?

What is VJ

Day?

What ended WWII?

Germany surrendered in May 1945; Japan surrendered after atomic bombs in August 1945.

What were the major results of WWII?

End of fascism in Europe, Cold War begins, creation of the UN, Canada gains global respect.

When and why was the UN established?

1945, to promote peace and cooperation after WWII.

What are the General Assembly and Security Council?

Main bodies of the UN; GA includes all nations, SC has 5 permanent members.

How was the UN different from the League of Nations?

Stronger enforcement powers; the US actually joined.

What was the Great Flag Debate?

Dispute over changing Canada’s flag; new flag adopted in 1965.

What is the Cold War?

An ideological and political rivalry between the US and USSR from 1945–1991.

Why was it called a “cold” war?

There was no direct fighting between superpowers; conflict through proxy wars and threats.

What were NATO and NORAD?

Military alliances to protect North America and Europe from Soviet threats.

What was the DEW Line?

Radar stations across the Arctic to detect Soviet attacks.

Who was Igor Gouzenko?

Soviet defector who revealed a spy ring in Canada; triggered Cold War paranoia.

What happened in the Korean War?

Canada joined the UN effort to defend South Korea from North Korean invasion.

What was the Baby Boom?

A period of high birth rates after WWII that shaped Canadian society.

How did rock and roll affect Canadian youth?

Promoted cultural change and youth identity in the 1950s–60s.

What was the Quiet Revolution?

A period of secularization and nationalism in Quebec during the 1960s.

Who were the FLQ?

A Quebec separatist group that used violence to push for independence.

What happened during the October Crisis?

The FLQ kidnapped officials; Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act in 1970.

What were the Quebec referendums?

Votes on Quebec sovereignty; both failed (1980 and 1995).

When and why was the Maple Leaf flag adopted?

1965, to replace British symbols and reflect Canadian identity.

When and why did Canada get a new Constitution?

1982, to give full independence; led by Pierre Trudeau.

What were the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords?

Failed attempts to amend the Constitution to gain Quebec’s support.

What is NAFTA?

Trade agreement between Canada, US, and Mexico; some feared job loss, others supported economic growth.

What is the civil rights movement?

Struggle for equal rights for marginalized groups.

Which groups were impacted by the Rights Revolution?

Women, Indigenous peoples, and racial minorities.