Natural History Ch. 12- Pre European Settlement, The Cherokee Nation

what did evidence near smokemont suggest about when native americans occupied the smokies?

for 8000 years

when did early inhabitants change from forest plants to seedy cultivated plants?

8000 years ago forest plants and 5000 years ago seedy, cultivated plants

who is believed to be the first white europeans to see the smokies?

hernando de soto, juan pardo , and tristan de luna

where and why did hernando de soto, juan pardo , and tristan de luna?

cherokee town of tallassee in 1540 on their way to present day knox in search of gold

what were desoto and his group our best snapshot of?

the early cherokee people prior to decimation by disease

what did desoto call the cherokee

chalaque

what did cherokee live in?

permanent structures made of wood, clay, and a roof of grass

how were cherokee both an agricultural and hunting society?

farming the valleys, cutting wood, and altering the landscape with fire

what did the cherokee grow?

corn, potatoes, beans, pumpkin, sqash, melons, peas, and tobacco

what was happening with the cherokee by the mid 1600s?

they were trying to become a part of the new world order by trading with settlers

what did guns provided in the 1700 and 1800s do?

increased their ability to hunt and kill game

who did the cherokee side with the the american revolution of 1775-1783?

british

how did siding with the british help protect cherokee lands?

Many Cherokee tribes saw the British as a buffer against colonial expansion, which they believed would intensify with an American victory

why did the cherokee distrust the patriots?

The Cherokee had little trust in the new American Patriot forces, viewing them as a significant threat to their homes and way of life due to constant land demands and broken treaties

what did the US ignore?

the 1763 Royal Proclamation line meant to protect Native lands from colonial settlement

how did the cherokee have a long standing alliance with the british?

fighting alongside them during the French and Indian War

how did perceived british strength help the cherokee side with them?

Many Cherokee believed the British military was stronger and would be more effective in preventing colonial settlement and encroachment on their lands

what was the royal proclamation line of 1763?

A decree by King George III declared all territory west of the Appalachians off limits to settlers. Any Settler currently west of the line was required to return east

Lands west of the line were to be kept by Native Americans. Unfortunately, it was also one of the reasons Americans decided to go to war

after british lost the war what did the cherokee do?

sought peace with the US gov

what did the cherokee call themselves?

aniyunwiya what translated to the principle people

what were the smokies to their original nation?

a very small territory

what did cherokee call the smokies?

shaconage meaning place of blue smoke

what were the aniyunwiya that lived in and around the smokies labeled by early european mappers?

overhill cherokee

how long has the cherokee occupied their land?

from 1450 making their nation 571 yrs old

did cherokee have centralized government?

no

chota

monroe co. TN, often cited as the capital of the Overhill Cherokee, but this was a modern occurrence

tanasi

replaced chota because it was destroyed by American revolutionary forces in 1780

in 1788 where did the cherokee capital officially move to?

Ustanalli, located in North Georgia.

what happened to chota and tanasi in 1979

submerged by creation of tellico lake

what does the cherokee being a matrilineal society mean?

children belong to the mother's clan, and hereditary leadership and property were passed through the maternal line.

who were head of the household and what did this mean?

women, home and children belonging to her should she separate from a husband

what does matrilocal mean?

once married a couple moved in with or near the bride's family

who are more important than fathers?

maternal uncles

Anigatogewi

wild potato clan (famers)

anigilohi

long hair clan (peace makers and negotiators)

aniawi

deer clan (trackers, runners, messengers)

anisahoni

blue clan (children medicine)

anitsiskwa

bird clan (holy messengers). Only clan permitted to collect and distribute eagle feathers to those that earned them

aniwaya

wolf clan (warriors and protectors)

aniwodi

paint clan (adult medicine)

where did the eastern band come from?

Descended from 800-1000 Cherokee who remained in the Eastern United States, refusing to follow the edict of Indian removal act put in place by President Andrew Jackson

who three well known people managed to avoid removal?

Tsali, a full blood Cherokee farmer as well as Principal Chief Yonaguska, with the help of his adopted European-American son, William Holland Thomas

who did tsali lead?

the charge to from the band that hid in the forests of the GSM

where do the eastern band now exist?

within the Qualla Boundary in Western

North Carolina. The capital of the Eastern

Band is in Cherokee, North Carolina

7 points of the star represent the 7 clans.

The wreath represents the internal flame of the Cherokee people.

what are they the only native american tribe to ever do?

blowguns for hunting

did cherokee wear head dresses?

no

what were cherokee excellent at and what was sacred to them?

farmers and corn

how did fire play a central part of their belief system?

Smudging involves the burning of sage, cedar, and other herbs to cleanse a home

what did a 2007 study show about smudging?

provides exceptional anti-bacterial properties, reducing airborne bacteria up to 94% and lasting up to 30 days

do they have evil in their religion

no

does their "great spirit" or creator have any human form?

no

explain andrew jackson and the trail of tears

7th President of US.

For a decade he lobbied for the Indian removal act of 1830. This act removed the 5 "civilized" tribes in the southeast: The Choctaw (1831), Seminole (1832), Muscogee-creek (1834), Chickasaw (1837), and Cherokee (1838). $20 are generally not well received on reservation lands.

The 7 stars represent the 7 clans.

The black star in the upper right represent those lost on the trail of tears.

what is the cherokee written language called?

tsalagi

who and when invented the written language?

Sequoyah in the 1810 and 1820

how many characters (syllables) are in the language?

85

what was the first newspaper published by Native Americans in the United States and the first published in a Native American language. The first issue was published in English and Cherokee on February 21, 1828

the cherokee phoenix

what three tribes are federally recognized today?

United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (UKB) in Oklahoma, the Cherokee Nation (CN) in Oklahoma, and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) in North Carolina

what is the population of the eastern band and who are their descendants?

over 8,000, primarily direct descendants of Indians who managed to avoid The Trail of Tears

what is the minimum cherokee blood quantum to be considered?

one sixteenth

what is the Baker Roll?

An act of Congress of June 4, 1924 (43 Stat. 376), established the Eastern Cherokee Enrolling Commission. Determined membership for the Eastern Band of Cherokees and to place its tribal lands into Federal trust.

how many members of the eastern band?

14000

how is cherokee language dialect heavily endangered?

Theie culture altered by modern interpretation.

Educational efforts are under way to prevent this

why is redskin offensive?

In 1863, a Winona, Minnesota, newspaper, the Daily Republican, printed an announcement: "The state reward for dead Indians has been increased to $200 for every red-skin sent to Purgatory

why is spirit animal offensive?

To receive a spirit animal (correlated to your given name) in the Cherokee belief system takes years and is exceedingly sacred. Speaking of it as novelty is highly offensive

why is saying "im part cherokee" offensive?

“I’m part Cherokee”: If you have no knowledge of your history, the tribal customs, or to which of the seven clans you belong, and take no interest in learning these things, saying you are “part Cherokee” to an actual member of the tribe is highly offensive.

what did david cornsilk say?

“If there were enough Cherokees to produce all the wannabes now claiming to be us, we would have never lost the war!"

how are indian halloween costumes offensive?

in the best case, this is known as cultural appropriation. In the worst case, native American costumes are often highly sexualized. Given the rape and abuse of many native American women during European conquest, this is highly offensive.