Chapter 10A Solutions

Dilution formula

M1V1 = M2V2

Molarity (M)

moles of solute/liters of solution

= concentration

Molality (m)

Moles of solute/kilograms of solvent

Percent mass

mass of solute/mass of solution

Percent volume

Liters of solute/liters of solution

Mole fraction (Xa)

moles of A/moles total

Solubility

Maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in an amount of solvent

Factors of solubility

Solute solvent characteristics, temperature, and pressure

Bond strengths (and their impact on solubility)

ion-dipole > dipole-dipole > dispersion forces

Temperature’s impact on solubility (solid)

Increased temperature = increased solubility

Temperature’s effect on solubility (gas)

decrease temperature = increase solubility

Pressure’s effect on solubility (gas)

Increased pressure = increased solubility

Super saturated

More solute than can be dissolved by solution

Saturated

Just enough solute that the solvent can dissolve all of it :)

Unsaturated

Less solute than solvent is capable of dissolving

Colligative properties

Properties that are dependent on the number of ions in the solute

Vapor pressure, freezing pressure, boiling point, and osmotic pressure

increased # of ions effect on vapor pressure

Vapor pressure decreases

increased # of ions effect on freezing point

freezing point decreases