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when was the Yalta conference and what was agreed?
February 1945
-Germany and Berlin would be divided into 4u zones,
-Germany to pay 20 million reparations (and 1/2 will go to the Soviets)
what were the consequences of the yalta conference?
-Showed lack of agreement eg over reparation process
-showed stalin wanted lots of land
when was the Tehran Conference and what was agreed?
-1943
-USSR could keep land in Eastern Europe if they won the war ( to make Germany weaker)
-An international organisation would be created
-USA and Britain launch another attack on Germany so German army would reduce troops in the East
what were the consequences of the Tehran Conference?
-very good and beneficial for the USSR
-gain lots of land
When as the Potsdam conference and what was agreed?
July 1945
-Germany would be demilitarised,
-there would be democracy,
-Soviets would gain 1/4 of goods made in Western Europe in return for supplying food and coal
what were the consequences of the Potsdam conference?
-lots of disagreements, it highlighted the differences between capitalism and communism
when was the atomic bomb dropped, where and how many people died?
-6th August 1945
-Truman dropped it over Hiroshima and Nagasaki
-over 120,000
what were the consequences of the atomic bomb dropping?
USSR saw the USA as a great danger to the world
-Stalin took control of more land between USSR and Germany as a 'buffer zone'
describe the first telegram sent out and when?
-1946
-Long telegram- Kennan sent a detailed telegram about the USSR's attitude towards the USA (that Stalin wanted disruption of (capitalism)
what were the consequences of the Long telegram?
-USA started 'containment'
-which meant keeping communism in the USSR only
describe the second telegram and when was it?
-1946
-Novikov telegram
-sent by soviet diplomat, shows USA didn't trust USSR
-showed that America not afraid of war
what were the consequences of the Novikov Telegram
-USSR felt the need to occupy more land for safety
What was the iron curtain speech?
Winston Churchill's speech when he said that Europe is divided by "an iron curtain" in 1946 , behind it was USSR controlled countries
what were the consequences of the iron curtain speech
-increased tension
-both sides strengthened their forces
why were satellite states made?
-barrier between Germany and USSR
-showed power and strength
-increase of communist influence
name 5 satellite states and how/when
-East Germany
-Poland- 1947 as a communist government
-Czechoslovakia- 1948 a communist government
-Hungary - 1949
-Romania- voted communist after intimidation
What was the Truman Doctrine?
-12th March 1947
-Truman announced he would provide economic help to countries being threatened by communism
-promised 400 million dollars, sent US soldiers to Greece and Turkey
what followed the Truman Doctrine? describe it
-Marshall plan- gave 12.7 billion dollars between 1948-52
-economic aid to countries hit by war
-offered money to satellite states, stalin refused
What did Stalin call the Marshall Plan?
-Dollar imperialism
-he thought it was the USA trying to be more powerful and create American Empire in Europe
what were the consequences of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
-friendly Grand Alliance now gone
-USA in direct opposition to USSR
-Europe divided into Western and East
What was Cominform? When?
1947- every Eastern Europe country was to follow Stalin's ordered, every country would have a cominform office
what was Comecon? When?
-1949
-no Eastern Europe country could take money from the USA
-there would be trade only between communist countries, communist party took over all industries
what were the consequences of comecon and cominform?
-increased tensions
-made divide greater
what was the Berlin Crisis and when?
-March 1948
-USA , Britain and France united their zones in Trizonia
-they created a currency called Deutshmark
what was the Berlin Blockade?
-USSR blocked off any land route in and out of Berlin
-this stopped food and essentials reaching Trizonia
when and what was the Berlin Airlift?
-June 1948 to May 1949
-America flew in food and resources instead
-there was a risk the planes might have been shot but it didnt happen
-over 1000 tonnes of food flown in
-After a year, Stalin removed the blockade
what were the consequences of the Berlin Airlift?
-made Stalin look weak
-West proved they could success peacefully
-3 days after, USA, Britain and France officially united
When and what was NATO?
-1949
-Western powers eg USA Britain France and 9 others united
-from 1949 American troops stationed in Europe
When and what was the Warsaw Pact?
-1955
-all of Satellite States, lead by the Soviet Union
-promised support
Describe the 6 stages of the arms race
-atomic bomb 1945
-1949 soviets made their own
-1950 American Hydrogen Bomb
-1957 Soviet Hydrogen Bomb
-USA ballistic missiles
-2 months later, Soviets also had ballistic missiles
what occurred under Khrushchev's leadership?
-he openly criticises Stalin, he suggests peace
-the reasons as to why people had hope for peace:
-war in Korea ended
-both countries broke from arms race
-Austria 1955 meeting had calmed tensions
How did the Hungarian Uprising start?
-Hungary didnt like Soviet control
-they couldn't vote, food shortages, their leader was brutal
what were the consequences of these attitudes?
-protested in Budapest
-tore down statue of Stalin
-Soviets had lack of control
how did Khrushchev respond to the Hungarian Uprising?
-sent the red army to stop the riots
-tried to please them with a new leader Imre Nagy
what did Imre Nagy follow?
-wanted voting and dictatorship
-asked for political prisoners to be freed
-asked Khrushchev to remove politocal troops
what happened in November 1956 and the consequences?
-Nagy said that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact
-Khrushchev felt that other countries might follow and copy
when and what was the soviet union invasion of Hungary?
-4th November 1956
-Khrushchev sent in the red army, Hungarians fought back abd America didnt help Hungary because of their containment policy and the risk
what were the short term consequences?
-uprising failed
-20,000 Soviet troops in Hungary
-20,000 Hungarians killed
-Nagy and his supporters executed
what were the long term consequences?
-Khrushchev seemed more powerful
-new leader in Hungary
-showed Eastern Europe that America wont help them, made the USA look weak
what occurred in 1958?
-3 million East Germans moved to West Germany
-refugee problem
what were the consequences of the refugee problem?
-an embarrassment for Soviet Union
-people openly choosing capitalism > communism
how did Khrushchev respond to refugee problem?
November
-Khrushchev demanded that Western troops removed from East Berlin
-Berlin should become a free city- he gave them 6 months and threatened to take over all transport routes
-this was the Berlin Ultimatum
what happened despite the Berlin Ultimatum that caused the Berlin Wall?
-August 1961
-on one day there was 40,000 refugees
-the relationship between USSR and USA was weak
describe the event of the Berlin Wall
-12th August 1961
-Khrushchev ordered the building of the Berlin Wall
-first it was a barbed wire fence as they built the concrete
-it was 165km around the city
-by October 1961 it was built
what were the consequences of the Berlin Wall?
-130 people killed trying to cross the wall
-friends and families divided
-west berlin fire service helped east germans escape
name and date the 4 summit meetings between 1959-61
Geneva Summit May 1959 spoke about Berlin, nothing agreed
Camp David September 1959, Eisenhower and Khrushchev got along, Khrushchev agreed for no more Berlin Ultimatum terms and it displayed they had a better relationship
Paris May 1960 Soviets just shot down the US spy plane, Eisenhower refused to apologise, Khrushchev walked out of the summit
Vienna June 1961, JFK was president and Khrushchev did not trust him, Berlin Ultimatum terms back on, weakened relationship
describe JFK's visit to Berlin in June 1963
-he was treated like a rockstar
-"Ich Bin Erin Berliner"
-gained a good reputation, said a wall was better than a war
What caused the Cuban Revolution?
1959- a group in Cuba brought down government who supported America
what was the cuban revolutions impact on the cold war
-any land owned by the US in Cuba was put back under Cuban Control
-Castro puts communists in government
-1960 Khrushchev and Castro agreed to trade Cuban sugar for economic aid
-Secret agreement that Cuba would receive USSR weapons
what were the consequences of the cuban revolution
-a communist government was now only 145 miles away from USA
-Eisenhower banned all trade and political relationships with Cuba in 1961
Describe the Bay of Pigs invasion.
-April 1961
-1400 ex cuban exiled invaded Bay Of Pigs
-aimed to remove Castro and communist government
Failed:
-had limited military knowledge
-USA couldn't support
-Castro was prepared 20,000 Cuban Soldiers prior to the attack
what were the consequences of the Bay Of Pigs
-USA humiliated (Castro showed photos all over the world)
-looked like the US wanted to invade
-increased popularity of communism
-khrushchev gave Cuba more weapons
What caused the Cuban Missile Crisis?
-1961 US spy planes photograph launch pads in Cuba
-CIA told Kennedy that Soviet ship were sailing to Cuba with missiles
what were the consequences of what was found
missiles would be active in 2 weeks, US putting a lot of pressure on Kennedy
narrate the 13 days, 16th-18th October 1962
meeting on the 16th October, believed nuclear war would start
22nd October, Kennedy decided not to attack
set up naval blockade around Cuba
announced the plans on the TV
USA worried
Kennedy prepared 54 bombs in case
24th October Soviet Ships retreated
Telegram from Khrushchev, Soviets agreed to remove missiles, if USA promised not to invade Cuba and remove missiles from Turkey
what were the consequences of the cuban missile crisis
-war was avoided, Kennedy was loved in the US
-a hotline was set up between Moscow and Washington set up
-1953 Test Ban Treaty (stop testing nuclear weapons)
-1967 Outer Space Treaty (not use nuclear weapons in space)
-Khrushchev sacked 1964
what was the state of Czechoslovakia in?
-few goods, fuel, poor economy, no freedom of speech, poor standard of living, opposed Soviet Control
what was introduced to Czechoslovakia during this?
-new leader: Dubcek who said "socialism with a human face"
-wanted to stay in Warsaw Pact but still improve living
what reforms did Dubcek make? (prague spring)
1968 April:
-less censorship
-trade unions allowed
-travel freedom
-government control of land and industry relaxed
how did Brezhnev respond to Prague Spring?
-ordered his western troops to carry out military practice outside Czechoslovakia
when did Warsaw troops invade Prague and what happened?
-20th August 1968
-500,000 troops invaded and stopped Prague Spring
-Dubcek arrested and replaced
what were the consequences of the Prague Spring
-Brezhnev Doctrine 1968
-if any communist country attempted freedom warsaw troops would be sent in
-USA made public protest, showed that the US wouldn't actually act against USSR
-communist parties in France and Italy cut links with USSR
Why did Detente happen?
-American public against Vietnam war
-over 6000 soldier deaths., inequality problems eg Martin Luther King
-USSR poor living standards, nuclear weapons too expensive
what and when was SALT 1?
May 1972
-Anti ballistic missile treaty
-only allowed in 2 sides and of a max of 100 missiles each
-Interim Treaty- restricted number of long range missiles allowed
-Basic Principle Agreement- wherein missiles could be placed
what were the consequences of SALT 1?
-if there was war it is unlikely that either side would stick to SALT (still owned nuclear weapons)
-showed peace
-reduced likelihood of war
-symbolic importance
what and when was SALT 2
June 1979
-further restriction limits on missiles and bombers
what was the relationship between US and USSR like late 1970s and why?
-weak, lack of trust, increased communist support, political pressure
what happened in December 1979 and what were the consequences?
-soviets invaded Afghanistan
-symbolised the end of Detente
-Carter (US president) refused to sign SALT 2
narrate the invasion of Afghanistan
-Soviet Union worried that muslim fundamentalists (mujahedeed) in Afghanistan might attack USSR
-Despite a government which support Soviets taking over Afghanistan in April 1978, in September 1979 muslim fundamentalists took over by force
-25th December 1979 Soviets invaded, and assassinated the leader on the 27th
-soviet troops stayed in Afghanistan for nearly 10 years
-1.5 billion Afghan Casulties
how did the US react to invasion of Afghanistan?
-Carter claimed it was the biggest threat to world peace since WW2
-Carter withdrew from, SALT 2
what were the consequences of (long term) of the invasion
-Detente officially and definitely over
-Regan new president 1980
-Boycotted 1980 Olympics (in USSR)
what did Ronald Reagan do and why?
-said the Soviets were and evil empire,
strategic defence initiative 1983:
-US would place satellites in space, shoot down soviet missiles
-Reagan told the world it was ready
-it wasn't it was a lie
what were the consequences of Reagan's SDI?
-soviets now believed their nuclear missiles were pointless and realised how weak their economy was
-US believed they'd win the arms race
-Reagan increased spending on armed forced and weapons by 13%
-US looked very powerful
who was the new soviet leader in 1985 what problems did he face?
Gorbachev
-left with a huge debt
-standard of living was very poor
-lack of freedom of speech
why was the soviet union weak 1985-6?
-Brezhnev died in 1982
-2 leaders after him died shortly after power
-1986, nuclear explosion. (very embarrasing for them)
describe Gorbachev's economic reform
allowed business to make profit -people felt happier
allowed opposition parties to run against communist government allowed media to be truthful - TVs now showed difference of East and West
Withdrew troops from Afghanistan, Soviet/ communism look weak
spend less money on nuclear weapons- soviets looked weak
what were the consequences of Gorbachevs reforms overall?
tension and regression reduced
When did the Berlin Wall fall?
9th November 1989
what were the consequences of the Berlin wall fall?
-people reunited after 30 years
-huge symbolic event
-other soviet states now felt confident to gain freedom,
how did the soviet union collapse and the consequences?
Brezhnev Doctrine over SS broke free (no threat or violence)
Warsaw Pact ended 1990
Europe no longer divided, didn't have to follow rules
no arms race, iron curtain ends
Gorbachev falls in 1991 due to hard strict communism
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