Mister mohi notes summarized

Describe the significance of the octet rule in covalent bonding

Atoms tend to bond to have eight electrons in valence shell, achieving stability

Define a dipole moment

Measures polarity of a molecule, larger dipole means more polar

Explain what a covalent bond is

Formed when two atoms share electrons, counting shared electrons in valence she

What determines the melting points of ionic substances?

Ion charge and ion size influence melting points, greater charge and smaller size lead to higher melting points

Distinguish between electronic geometry and

molecular geometry

Electronic geometry considers all electron

pairs, molecular geometry considers only

bonded atoms

How to determine molecular geometry using

VSEPR theory?

Draw Lewis structure, count electron-dense

regions, arrange to minimize repulsive

Define alloy

Mixture of elements with metallic properties, can be substitutional or interstitial based on atom sizes

Define sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds

Sigma bonds are first bonds formed, pi bonds formed in addition to sigma in double and triple bond

Explain how ionic solids conduct electricity

do not conduct electricity, electrons localized, ionic liquids conduct as ions free to move

Define an ionic bond

formed when cation donates electrons to anion, creates electrostatic forces binding ions together

Describe formal charges in Lewis structure

represent charge of an atom, ideally small, favoring 0 for stability

What is lattice energy?

bond energy in ionic bonds, increases with charge of ions, according to Coulomb's La

Explain VSEPR theory

electron pairs repel each other, determines molecular geometry, based on bonding and nonbonding paiRs

Describe a polar covalent bond

Occurs when two atoms share electrons

unequally, results in partial charge

Explain the significance of hybridization in

chemistry

Mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid

orbitals, determines shape and bonding

Define electronegativity

Ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond, influences bond polarity

What is the Lewis electron-dot symbol?

Represents an element's valence electrons using dots around the chemical symbo

Describe the N – A = S rule in Lewis

structures

Helps determine electron placement, N is electrons needed, A is available, S is shared

What are the properties of metals?

Tend to lose electrons easily, malleable, ductile, conduct electricity, shiny appearanc

How does the shape of a molecule relate to its electron pairs?

Determined by arrangement of electron- dense regions, can influence bonds and lone pairs

Distinguish between substitutional and interstitial alloys

Substitutional alloys have host metal atoms

replaced by similar-sized atoms, interstitial

alloys have smaller atoms in holes

Describe the polarity of water and its molecular structure

Polarity arises from unequal sharing of electrons, creating a dipole with negative oxygen and positive hydrogens

Explain the difference between ionic and metallic bonding

Ionic bonding involves electron transfer and charged ions, metallic bonding involves delocalized electrons among metal atom

Define bond length and bond energy

Bond length is the distance between bonded nuclei, bond energy is the strength of the bond

Describe the relationship between bond strength and bond order

Higher bond order corresponds to stronger and shorter bonds compared to single bond

Explain the role of lone pairs in molecular geometry

Lone pairs occupy space and exert repulsive forces, affecting molecular sha

Describe the role of delocalized electrons in metallic bonding

Delocalized electrons allow for conductivity and malleability, enabling movement throughout the metal lattice

Describe the effect of bond polarity on molecular interaction

Affects intermolecular forces, influences boiling and melting points, interactions between polar molecules

Define substitutional and interstitial alloy

Substitutional alloys replace host metal atoms with similar-sized atoms, interstitial alloys occupy spaces with smaller atoms

Explain how ionic liquids differ from ionic solids in conductivity

Ionic liquids conduct electricity due to free moving ions, ionic solids do not conduct due to localized electrons

What molecular geometry is associated with five electron pairs?

Trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry

Describe hybridization and its types based on electron domains

Mixing of atomic orbitals, types include sp for 2 domains, sp2 for 3 domains, sp3 for 4 domain

How does the size of ions affect conductivity in ionic substances?

Smaller ions result in greater Coulombic attraction, affecting melting point and conductivitY

What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons equally?

Nonpolar covalent bond

Describe the structure of a trigonal planar molecule

Three bonding pairs and no lone pairs, results in a flat, triangular shapE