BSCI 170 Exam 1

Properties of life

-consume energy

-reproduce

-generate order

-self regulate

-sense and respond to the environment

-evolve

Amphipathic

Polar phosphate head; Nonpolar tails

Emergent properties (Big Idea In Biology)

-As you increase level of organization, new properties appear

-Put small things together to make big things

- Big thing has a different function

Cell Theory (Big Idea In Biology)

-All cells come from other cells

-All life is made of cells (continuity of life)

Regulatory mechanisms (Big Idea In Biology)

-Processes are regulated

-So we don't reach equilibrum&die

- e.g: response to environment, growth,homestasis, development

Evolution (Big Idea In Biology)

-All organisms evolve from other organisms

-All organisms have a single common ancestor

Energy transformation (thermodynamics)

-Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

-Energy can only be moved around or transformed from one form into another (solar energy -> to chemical energy)

Structure-Function relationship (Big Idea In Biology)

-Function requires a structure to do stuff (e.g-we have enzymes that do what they do)

-Changes in structure=changes in function

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis

Mitochondria

Power house of the cell (energy)

Chloroplast

Enables photosynthesis because of the presence of chlorophyl.

Lysosome

Waste removal

Prokaryotes

Bacteria (no shape)

-Cell membrane

-Cytosol

-Ribosomes

- Nucleoid body (DNA is in here)

Eukaryotes

Animals, fungi, plants (Has shape)

- nucleus- DNA is in here

-Membrane-bound organelles

-Cytoskeleton

Advantage of Endomembrane system

Compartmentalization- Gives opportunity to create compartments, giving our body the ability to multitask

Membrane-bound organelles

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts(not part of endomembrane)

- Resemble prokaryotes: own DNA; own ribosomes; self replicating

Endosymbiotic theory

-Organelles evolved from prokaryotic cells living symbiotically within early eukaryotic cells

Element

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances

- We are mostly oxygen, hydrogen, carbon

Particles of atom

-Protons: positive

-Neutrons: neutral

-Electrons: negative

Atomic # = # protons = #electrons

P+N = Mass #

Electronegativity

How much an electron wants another electron

- There are different types of bond because elements differ in electronegativity

Cohesion

Water molecules stick to other water molecules

Adhesion

Attraction between water and a different thing

Surface tension

- Force that causes the molecules on the surface of a liquid to be pushed together and form a layer

- Cause of cohesion

Ice is less dense

- A lattice is formed in Ice bond and because the lattice is spacious, ice haas fewer molecules than liquid water.

- Hydrogen bonds are more stable in ice, therefore they move way less than liquid water

Hydrogen bonds state

FIXED LENGTH!! (Same length)

Gas- everywhere (no bond)

Liquid - breaks & reform (some together, some out)

Solid- Little bit apart(dashed line bond)

Polar Covalent bonds

Unequal sharing (One atom spends more time with the shared electron than the other)

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

Equal sharing

Ionic bonds

No sharing. Either donate or accept (gain a charge by accepting or receiving electrons). Gain = - charge, Lose=+ charge

Hydrophobic

Fearful of water

Hydrophillic

Loves water

Heat capacity

- Water absorbs a lot of heat-->takes a while to try and break the hydrogen bonds in order to boil the water

pH balance

Water forms certain amounts of H+ and OH- ions

Polar functional groups

-Hydroxyl

-Carbonyl

-Carboxyl

-Amino

-Phosphate

Hydroxyl group (OH-)

- Adds polarity when added to a molcule

Carbonyl group

-Can alter shape of molecules when added

-Polar

Carboxyl group

Act as acids bc they drop a H+ in solution

-Polar

Amino group

- Act as bases bc they take an extra H+

-Polar

Phosphate group

-It changes shape to a molecule when added

- Makes the molecule unstable

-Transfers energy between molecules

-Reacts with water, releasing energy

-Polar

Sulfhydryl group (-SH)

-Bonds to other sulfhydryl groups

-Polar

- Important when looking@protein structure

- S-----H

Methyl group

-Carbon is temporary

- When added it changes identity of molecule

-Additon to DNA affects expression of genes

- Non polar

hydration shell

Shells form when they go into water and you have the charges around them

Isotope

Elements with extra neutrons

Components all cells have

-DNA

-RNA

-ribosomes

-limiting membrane

-cytosol/cytoplasm

Integral membrane proteins

- Stick into the hydrophobic region of a membrane

Membrane most fluid when

high temperature, short tails, very unsaturated fatty acids

Glycoprotein

-Found on the outside surface of a membrane but NOT on the inside

Peripheral protein

May be inside/outside membrane

Transmembrane

Goes through bilayer (Inside)

Molecular Diversity

-Allows change in molecules

1. Changing carbon strcutures(carbon cn form double bonds)

2. Variation in functional groups

Isomers

Same chemical formula but different structure

Structural Isomers

Same elements but different arrangement

Geometric Isomers

- Needs a double bond.

- Differ in spatial arrangements

Enantiomer

Mirror Images of each other

Bonds

Bonds are formed because of ELECTRONEGATIVITY-how bad an atom wants an electron

Electrostatic interaction

Oppositely charged groups attract, same charged groups repel each other