Packets 9 and 10

motivation

The processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistenc eof effort toward attaining an organizational goal

motivation

"the set of processes that arouse, direct, and maintain behavior toward attaining a goal"

content theories and process theories

what are the two types of motivation theories

needs

"deficiencies that an individual experiences and tries to fill"

content theories of motivation

how needs are fulfilled

process theories of motivation

how behavior is energized, directed, sustained, and stopped

Alderfer’s ERG Theory

The elements of this theory are existence, relatedness, and growth

existence

needs satisfied by food, air, water, pay, working conditions(one of the elements in Alderfer’s ERG Theory)

relatedness

needs satisfied by meaningful social and interpersonal relationships(one of the elements of Alderfer’s ERG Theory)

growth

needs satisfied by individual making creative or productive contributions(one of the elements of Alderfer’s ERG theory)

nAch, nPow, nAff

what are the needs in McClelland’s theory of needs?

need for achievement(nAch)

the drive to excel

need for power(nPow)

the need to make others behave in a way they would not have behaved otherwise

need for affiliation(nAff)

the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships

hygiene factors and motivation factors

what are the factors in Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?

organizational justice

overall perception of what is fair in the workplace

distributive justice

perceived fairness of outcome

procedural justice

perceived fairness of process

interactional justice

perceived degree tow hcih one is treated with dignity and respect

distributive justice, procedural justice, interactional justice

what are the elements of organizational justice?

variable-pay programs

base a portion of the pay on a given measure of performance

piece-rate pay, merit-based pay, bonuses, employee stock ownership plans(ESOPs)

what are some variable pay programs?

piece-rate pay

Workers are paid a fixed sum for each unit of production completed

merit-based pay

pay is based on individual performance appraisal ratings

bonuses

rewards employees for recent performance

Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs)

plans in which employees acquire stock, often at below-market prices

values

Represent basic, enduring convictions that "a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end- state of existence”

value systems

represent a prioritizing of individual values by content or intensity

content

importance to the individual

intensity

relative importance with other values

terminal values

desirable end-states of existence

instrumental values

preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving the terminal values

reinforcement theory, expectancy theory, equity theory, goal-setting theory, self-efficacy theory

what are the process theories of motivation?

reinforcement theory of motivation

using rewards and punishments to maintain, increase, or decrease employee behaviors

effort-performance, performance-reward, rewards-personal goals

what are the key relationships of Expectancy Theory(VIE Theory)

effort-performance

perceived probability that exerting effort leads to successful performance

performance-reward

the belief that successful performance leads to desired outcome

rewards-personal goals

the attractiveness of organizational outcome(reward) to the individual

equity theory

Employees weigh what they put into a job situation(input) against what they get from it(outcome)

change inputs, change outcomes, distort perceptions of self, distort perceptions of others, choose a different referent, leave the field

Equity Theory suggests employees who perceive inequity will make one of six choices to restore equity. What are those six choices?

goal-setting theory

goals increase performance when goals are specific, difficult but accepted by employees, and accompanied by feedback

management by objectives(MBO)

Converts overall organizational objectives into specific objectives for work units and individuals

self-efficacy theory

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task; also known as social cognitive theory or social learning theory