Veterinary Anatomy I Exam #1

Describe the sacroiliac joint and its different conformation in the cranial and caudal surfaces.

Cranial: Drive the force of the limbs to the trunk in progession
Caudal: Transmit the weight of the trunk to the pelvic limbs when standing.

What kind of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

Cartilagenous joint: Synchondrosis

Synovial joint: Plane joint

What type of joint is the coxal joint?

Spherodial joint

Identify the 2 ligaments associated with the coxal joint 

Name the attachment, function, and luxation

1. Ligament of the head of the femur (short ligament)
   Attachment: Connects from acetabular fossa to the fovae of the femoral head
   Function: Major stabilizer of the hip joint, helping to hold the femoral head within the acetabulum
   Luxation: Coxal luxation
   
   
2. Transverse acetabular ligament
   Attachment: Acetabular notch
   Function: Provides support to the head of the femur
   Luxation: Coxal luxation

Name muscles acting primarily on the hip joint

Gluteal group
Deep group
Caudal group
Medial group

Name muscles acting primarily on the tarsal and digital joints

Craniolateral group: flexor of tarsal joint and extensor of the digits
Caudal group: extensor of tarsal joint and flexor of the digits

Tensor fascia lata m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Tuber coxae 
Insertion: Fascia lata
Action: Tense the fascia lata, flex the coxal joint and extend the genual joint

Superficial gluteal muscle m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Sacrum and 1st caudal vertebra
Insertion: Third trochanter 
Action: Extend the coxal joint; abduct the pelvic limb

Middle gluteal m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Gluteal surface of the ilium
Insertion: Greater trochanter
Action: Extend the coxal joint; abduct and rotate the pelvic limb medially.

Piriformis m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Sacrum and the 1st caudal vertebra
Insertion: Greater trochanter
Action: Extend the coxal joint

Deep gluteal m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Body of ilium and ischiatic spine
Insertion: Greater trochanter
Action: Extend the coxal joint; abduct and rotate the pelvic limb medially

External obturator m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Ventral aspect of os coxae around obturator foramen
Insertion: Trochanteric fossa
Action: Rotate the limb laterally at the coxal joint

Internal obturator m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Dorsal aspect of os coxae around obturator foramen
Insertion: Trochanteric fossa 
Action: Rotate the limb laterally at the coxal joint

Gemelli mm. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Lateral aspect of ischium
Insertion: Trochanteric fossa
Action: Rotate the limb laterally at the coxal joint

Quadratus femoris m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Ventral aspect of ischium
Insertion: Near the trochanteric fossa
Action: Extend coxal joint; rotate the limb laterally at the coxal joint

State the types of joints for the femoropatellar, femorotibial, and proximal tibiofibular

1. Femoropatellar - Synovial joint - Hinge
2. Femorotibial - Synovial joint - Condylar
3. Promixal tibiofibular - Synovial joint - Plane

Name and describe the ligaments of the femoropatellar joint

Patellar ligament:
Correspond to the quadriceps femoris tendons. Inserts in the tibial tuberosity.

Lateral femoropatellar ligament:
Attach the patella with the lateral fabellae

Lateral collatoral ligament 

Purpose and location of infrapatellar body fat.

Fatty body located between the patellar lig and the joint capsule. Cushion deep to patellar ligament.

Name the ligaments of the femorotibial joint. What does it prevent.

Cranial cruciate lig.
Prevent: 

• Cranial displacement of the tibia against the femur
• Hyperextension of the genual joint
• Medial rotation of the joint

Caudal cruciate lig.

Prevents:

• Caudal displacement of the tibia against the femur
• Lateral rotation of the joint 

Cranial tibial ligg. of menisci

Caudal tibial lig. of medial meniscus

Transverse lig.

name the extracapsular ligaments of the stifle joint

Lateral collateral lig
Lateral meniscus
Meniscofemoral lig.
Medial collateral lig.

Describe what is meant by “drawer sign” and discuss how it relates to damage of the cruciate ligaments of the genual joint.

It is a clinical indicator of potential damage to the cranial cruciate ligament within the knee joint. If there the CCL is torn it allows the tibia to move forward.

Biceps femoris m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Ischiatic tuberosity and sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: Lateral aspect of genual region; calcaneous tuber
Action: Extend the coxal joint; variable action on the genual joint; extend the tarsocrural joint

Semitendinosus m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Ischiatic tuberosity
Insertion: Medial aspect of tibia; calcanean tuber
Action: Extend the coxal joint; variable action on the genual joint; extend the tarsocrural joint

Semimembranosis m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Ischiatic tuberosity 
Insertion: Medial aspect of distal femur and proximal tibia 
Action: Extend coxal joint; variable action on the genual joint

State the extensors of the hip joints and flexors of the stifle joint

Biceps femoris m.
Semitendinosus m. 
Semimembranosus m.

State the ADDuctors of the hip joint

Gracilis m.
Pectineus m.
Adductor m. 
External obturator m.
Sartorius m.

Gracilis m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Pelvic symphysis
Insertion: Medial aspect of the genual region; calcanean tuber
Action: Adduct the pelvic limb; Extend the tarsocrural joint

Pectineus m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: iliopubic eminence
Insertion: Distal body of femur 
Action: Adduct the pelvic limb

Adductor m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Ventral surface of os coxae
Insertion: Most of the caudal surface of femur
Action: Adduct the pelvic limb; extend the coxal joint

Sartorius m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: iliac crest
Insetion: Cr- vastus medialis and rectus femoralis
Cd- Medial aspect of the genual region

Action: Flex the coxal joint
Cr- Extend the genual joint
Cd - Flex the genual joint

Quadriceps femoris m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: 
Rectus femoris - body of ilium

Vastus medialis, intermedius, and lateralis - proximal femur

Insertion: Patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: Flex the coxal joint (rectus femoris only) ; Extend the genual joint (all 4 heads)

Name the tarsal joints cranial to palmar (top to bottom)

Tarsal joint:
Tarsocrural joint
Intertarsal joints
Tarsometatarsal joints

Metatarsophalangeal joints
Proximal interphalangeal joint
Distal interphalangeal joint

Name the two parts of the medial collateral ligaments for the tarsal joint and where does it start?

Short and long part
Both start at the medial malleolus

Cranial tibial m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Lateral aspect of proximal tibia
Insertion: Plantar base of 1st and 2nd metatarsal bones
Action: Flex the tarsocrural joint; Rotate pes laterally

Lateral digital extensor m. (HIND LIMB) State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Fibula
Insertion: Extensor process of the distal phalange of the fifth digit 
Action: Extend the digital joints of the fifth digit

Long digital extensor m. (HIND LIMB) State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Extensor fossa of the femur
Insertion: Extensor processes of the distal phalanges
Action: Flex the tarsocrural joint; Extend the digital joints

Fibularis Longus m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: On or near lateral collateral ligament of the genual joint
Insertion: 4th tarsal bone and plantar base of metatarsal bones
Action: Flex the tarsocrural joint; rotate the pes medially (limited)

Fibularis brevis m. State the origin, insertion, and action. (not as important)

Origin: distal and lateral surfaces of tibia and fibula 
Insertion: Base of metatarsal bone V
Action: Flex the tarsocrural joint

Gastrocnemius m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of femur
Insertion: Calcanean tubercle 
Action: Flex the genual joint; Extend the tarsocrural joint

Popliteus m. State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Lateral condyle of the femur, the tendon runs in an oblique direction deep to the lateral collateral lig.of the genual joint
Insertion: Proximocaudal surface of the tibia
Action: Medial rotation of the genual joint. 

Superficial digital flexor m. OF HINDLIMB 
State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of femur
Insetion: Calcanean tubercle; plantar bases of middle phalanges
Action: flex the genual joint, metatarsophalangeal joints, proximal interphalangeal joints; Extend the tarsocrural joint.

Deep digital flexor m. of hind limb. 
State the origin, insertion, and action.

Origin: Proximal caudal aspect of the tibia and fibula 
Insertion: Flexor tubercle of distal phalanges
Action: Flex the metatarsophalangeal, and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints; Extend the tarsocrural joint

Where is the calcanean bursa located?

Among the SDF tendon, gastrocnemius tendon, and calcaneal tuber

of vertebral column: dog formula

7 cervical 
13 thoracic 
7 lumbar
3 sacral
+- 20 caudal

Finish the sentence:
The summation of the vertebral foramina constitutes the

Vertebral canal

What is between the vertebral arches of a neighbored vertebrae? What is the space closed by?

Interarcual space

Flavum ligament

What does the vertebral canal contain? And where is it located

Spinal cord, roots of the spinal nerves, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, vessels, and adipose tissue that filles the epidural space.

Wider in cervical and lumbar regions and narrows in thoracic and sacral segments.

Name the parts of the sternum

Manubrium
Body 
Xiphoid process and cartilage

What is the sternebrae?

Individual bony segments that form the body of the sternum

State the formation and purpose of thoracic inlet

Formed by the bodies and disc of C7-T1 vertebrae, first ribs and costal cartilages, and the manubrium of the sternum

This is an open and narrow space for the passage of vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus among others

State the formation and purpose of thoracic outlet.

Formed by the bodies and disc between the T13-L1 vertebrae, last ribs, costal arches and xiphoid process. This aperture is closed by the diaphragm.

The structure pass between thoracic and abdominal cavities using special openings in the diaphragm.

Where does the axis pass through?

The axis passes between the 3rd and 4th digits (paw)

Axial vs Abaxial (describe both)

• Axial : refers to the strcutures/surfaces that looks towards the axis
  
  

• Abaxial : refer to the structures/surfaces that point to the opposite direction of the axis

Define sagittal plan

Passes through the head, neck, trunk, tail, or parallel to the median plane.

Define the transverse plane:

Transects the head, neck, body, or limb perpendicular to its own long axis.

Define the dorsal plane:

Runs at right angles to the median and transverse planes, dividing the body or head into dorsal and ventral portions, and the limb into dorsal and palmar or plantar. Parallel to the dorsal surfaces of head, neck, trunk, manus or feet. 

Define caudal

Towards the tail

Name all classifications of bones by shape

1. Long bones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bones
5. Sesamoid bones

Describe the charactisitics on long bones:

Three centers of ossification:

1. Diaphysis
2. Epiphysis
3. Medullary cavity

Describe the characteristics of short bones:

Have no dimension that greatly exceeds the others

No medullary cavity

Describe the characteristics of flat bones:

Expanded in two directions

No medullary cavity

What are pneumatic bones?

Not a shape classfication but a characteristic of some flat bones of the skull in domestic mammals.

Contain air-filled sacs

What is the most important component that bones are made up of?

Organic compounds (33%)

Name the classifications of bones:

1. Axial skeleton
2. Heterotropic skeleton
3. Appendicular skeleton

Describe 2 structural classification of bone tissue, recognize their appearances, and identify typical location where each is found. 

Spongey bone - Pourous like structure found the ends of the bones (epiphysis) and filled with marrow.

Compact bone - A solid white structure, providing structural support, surrounding the bone, thinning out when reaching the distal and proximal epiphysis.

Found in long bones, irregular bones, flat bones,

Differentiate primary from secondary centers of ossification: 

Primary: Ossification located in the diaphysis

Secondary: Located in the epiphysis and large eminences

What is the nutrients foramen typical location?

Typically found on the diaphysis of the long bone

Define nutrient foramen

A small hole in the outer surface of a bone (compact bone)

Describe the clinical relevance of the nutrient foramen:

"An opening of nutrient arteries that are crucial for growth and healing. Understanding these foramina is vital for surgeons to avoid damage to the blood supply during operations, particularly in fracture repair and bone grafting procedures"

Where are sesamoid bones only formed near?

Closely related to tendons

Describe the part of the deltoideus m.

State the origin, insertion, and action.

Deltoideus muscle have two heads: Scapular and acromial part.

Origin: Spine of scapula and acromion
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Action: Flex the humeral joint

Supraspinatus muscle: State the origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula 
Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus
Action: Laterally stablize the humeral joint; extend the humeral joint

Infraspinatus muscle: State the origin, insertion, action

Origin: Infraspinous fossa of the scapula 
Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus
Action: Laterally stabilize the humeral joint

Teres minor muscle: State the origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Caudal border of scapula
Insertion: Teres minor tuberosity of the humerus 
Action: Flex the humeral joint

Teres major muscle: State the origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Caudal border of scapula
Insertion: Teres major tuberosity of humerus
Action: Flex the humeral joint

Coracobrachialis muscle: State origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Coracoid process of scapula
Insertion: Crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus
Action: Medially stabilize the humeral joint

What type of attachment of the thoracic limb to the trunk and neck called?

Synsarcosis

What kind of joint is the shoulder joint?

Spheroidal joint

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

Cubital Joint

What type of joint is the humeroulnar joint?

Hinge joint

What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar?

Pivot joint

What type of joint is the humeroradial joint?

Ellipsoidal joint

What joints are involved in the cubital joint?

Humeroulnar, proximal radioulnar, and humeroradial joint

Biceps brachii muscle: State the origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Insertion: Radial and ulnar tuberosities
Action: Flex the cubital joint; extend the humeral joint

Brachialis muscle: Origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Brachial groove of humerus
Insertion: Proximal radius and/or ulna
Action: Flex the cubital joint

Triceps brachii muscle: Origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Caudal border of scapula (long head); proximal humerus
Insertion: Tuber olecrani
Action: Extend the cubital joint (all heads); flex the humeral joint (long head only)

Tensor fasciae antebrachii muscle: Origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Latissimus dorsi muscle and associated fascia
Insertion: Tuber olecrani
Action: Extend the cubital joint (and tense the deep antebrachial fascia)

Anconeus muscle: Origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Caudal aspect of distal humerus
Insertion: Tuber olecrani
Action: Extend the cubital joint, tense the joint capsule

Name the extensor groups in the craniolateral antebrechial muscles

1. Extensor carpi radialis m
2. Common digital extensor m.
3. Lateral digital extensor
4. Extensor carpi ulnaris m.
5. Abductor digit 1 longus m.

Extensor carpi radialis m.: State origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus (and its crest)
Insertion: Dorsal base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones
Action: Extend the carpal joints

Common digital extensor m: State the origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: Extensor processes of distal phalanges
Action: Extend the carpal joints; extend the digital joints

Lateral digital extensor m.: State origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: Phalanges of the lateral-most digits
Action: Extend the carpal joints; extend the digital joints of the lateral-most digits

Extensor carpi ulnaris m. (ulnaris lateralis): State the origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: Accessory carpal bones; lateral base of 5th metacarpal bone
Action: Awkwardly flex the antebrachiocarpal joint; abduct the manus

Supinator m. : State the origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: Body of radius
Action: Supination of the manus

Abductor digits I longus m. : State the origin, insertion, and action

Origin: Body of the ulna
Insertion: Base of 1st metacarpal bone
Action: Abduct the 1st digit

What structures form the common integument?

Skin (cutis) and subcutaneous tissue (tela subcutanea)

What does the skin include?

Cutaneous glands, hair, tactile hair, cornified portions of horns & antlers, cornified portions of claws & hoof

What does the subcutaneous tissue include?

Subcutaneous fascia and adipose tissue, subcutaneous muscles, nerves, superficial veins, and arterioles

What is fascia?

Connective tissue that binds the organs of the body together

What is superficial fascia? And what does it contain?

Loose CT connecting the dermis of the skin to deeper structures

Contains cutaneous muscles, glands, fat, vessels, etc.