Period 3 (1754-1800)

Outcome of the French and Indian War

The English ended up winning, becoming the continent's undisputed power. The British economy flourished, and colonists began resenting British rule

Sir Jeffrey Amherst

Commander in Chief, took Montreal for Britain

Charles Townshend

Drafted the Townshend acts

William Pitt

The English Prime Minister during the war, was supportive of colonists during the French and Indian War

James Wolfe

Captured Quebec

Edward Braddock

failed to take Fort Duquesne

¨No taxation without representation¨

Primary legal argument used by the colonists for their rejection of new taxation, such as the Stamp Act and Townshend Duties, levied on the Colonists by the British Empire following the French and Indian War

Boston Massacre

Caused by Colonial hate of British forces and taxation, reacted with violence. Colonists later used it as pro-revolution propaganda, when they really caused it.

John Adams

• successfully defended British forces involved in the Boston Massacre in court

• 2nd US President

Intolerable Acts

• Included closing down Boston Harbor

• Tightening control over Massachusetts Government

• Quartering Act

• Convinced many colonists that revolution was necessary

Common Sense and Declaration of Independence

Both laid out philosophical underpinnings of the revolution, all men are equal and have unalienable rights

Stamp Act

a broad-based tax covering documents, licenses, and taxes on all goods produced within the colonies

Proclamation of 1763

The primary goals were to manage new British territories acquired from France, prevent conflict with Native Americans, and stabilize British authority in North America. 

• Forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. 

• Required existing settlers to move back east of the line. 

• Established a vast, British-administered Native American territory. 

• Restricted trade with Native Americans to licensed traders, with the Crown having the sole right to purchase land from them

Whigs

Political Party of Patriots, favoring independence

Tories

Political Party of loyalists, favoring British rule

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Between Britain and the US, granted the US independence and generous territorial rights

Thomas Jefferson

wrote the Declaration of Independence, served as the first Secretary of State, and 3rd US President

John Locke

Natural rights philosopher, unalienable rights

Thomas Hobbes

Believed in the importance of government (philosopher)

British disadvantages in the Revolutionary War

• traditional formations/tactics

• uneducated about geography

• underestimating the Revolutionary Movement

• Far away from home

American disadvantages in the Revolutionary War

• Limited funds

• limited Supplies and weapons

• Division (some still sided with the British)

Battle of Lexington and Concord

Officially began the war - ¨the shot heard around the world¨

Battle of bunker hill

A continental defeat, but boosted moral. ¨Shoot only when you see the whites of their eyes¨

Battle of New York

British won, destroyed continental army

Battle of Trenton

US kills lots of Hessians fighting for the Brits, Deleware river crossing battle

Battle of Saratoga

The turning point in the war convinced the French to ally with the colonists.

Battle of Yorktown

Symbolic end to the American Revolution, ending with British surrender

Morale Boosts!

The significance of the Battles of Bunker Hill and Trenton for the Continental Army

Colonial Elite

benefited most from the Revolution

Weakness of the Articles of Confederation

• No strong central government

• Could not enforce taxation, draftin,or trade laws

• Ignored population rules (every state had only one vote)

Shays Rebllion

violent protests against taxes and a weak federal government. Federalists saw it as a wake up call to the need for a stronger federal government

The Great Compromise

The creation of 2 houses of Congress so that states were equally represented. It resolved unbalanced state representations. It also included the 3/5 compromise

Federalism

favored strong federal government

Bill of Rights

a list of natural rights, they gave (white men) unalienable rights and freedoms

1st Amendment

freedom of speech, freedom to protest

2nd Amendment

right to bear arms (and to form unauthorized militias)

4th Amendment

rights to warrants (protects from unreasonable searches and seizures)

7th Amendment

soldiers cannot be quartered (protects property)

Natural Rights

protected by the 1st,2nd, 4th, and 7th Amendments in the Bill of Rights

Battle of Fallen Timbers

• Devastating natives loss

• Natives surrendered all lands in Ohio Valley in the US

• A British victory, opportunity to spread out

Precedent

an action that is regarded as a guide to be considered in the future

Precedents established by the Washington Administration

• 2-term limit

• executive departments

• neutrality in foreign events

• The tradition of a farewell address at the end of a presidential term

Whiskey Rebellion

congress began taxing whiskey - farmers attacked and rebelled against this tax. Washington Administration was embarrassed that they were so late, and the damage was done

Hamilton´s Debt Plan

• Federal bank takes on state debt

• Introduced alcohol taxes

• Introduced domestic goods taxes

Federalists

• federal government as the highest power

• support of constitutation

• urban and commercial members

Democratic-Republicans

• Limit the federal government - fear of monarchy

• wanted a Bill of Rights

• belief in individual liberties and unalienable rights

The Election of 1796

John Adams won BARELY

The Election of 1800

• Thomas Jefferson won by a hair

• State votes vs federal decision

• Adams lost re-election

• GOVERNMENT CHANGED HANDS PEACEFULLY

• Jefferson wins because Hamilton said that he was a better choice than Burr, even though Hamilton and Jefferson HATED each other.

The Sedition Act of 1798

It made conspiring against the government, slander, and libel illegal. This violates freedom of speech and protest rights, and it would benefit whoever was currently in power.