test 2 bio principles frazier

can a single enzyme catalyze thousands of other reactions a second

true

enzymes are unaffected by the reaction which makes them REUSABLE

TRUE

Are enzymes substrate specific

TRUE

a specific receptor on the enzyme that is NOT the active site

allosteric site

if the inhibitor binds somewhere OTHER than the active site- but still changes the shape

non competitive inhibition

Which of the following is not a component of the cell membrane?

Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Phospholipid bilayer, Proteins, or Cholesterol

nucleic acids

Passive transport is the movement of molecules from an area of their lowest concentration to their highest concentration.

false
its HIGH to LOW
reverse it!!

What are the types of active transport?
Protein Pumps, Diffusion, Exocytosis, Endocytosis

protein pumps
exocytosis
endocytosis

does the cell use energy in passive transport

NO

Simple diffusion is:
A. Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
B. Diffusion across a biological membrane with NO expenditure of energy by the cell
C. Movement of particles (ions and polar molecules) down a concentration gradient via a transport protein that is embedded in the plasma membrane
D. None of the above

B.

how many times does the kreb cycle happen

twice

where does glycolysis take place

cytosol

how many pyruvates does glycolysis make

TWO

who has the electrons during glycolysis

NADH

what does kreb cycle release

CO2

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

inner membrane of mitochondria

who gives the electrons in the electron transport chain

NADH

What gives the energy during the electron transport chain

electrons

does NADH or FADH give the most energy

NADH

Is it passive or active transport happening during the electron transport chain

active

what happens if there is no oxygen to pick up the electrons

they will be stopped

what happens after the H+ make their gradient

H+ will go through ATP synthase

What does ATP synthase do

makes ATP by putting ADP + Pi

What happens if there is no ATPase

high conentration of H+ because they will not be able to flow down their gradient

where is CO2 produced

the krebs cycle

what are the products of the krebs cycle

NADH, FADH2, CO2, ATp

where does the pyruvate in glycolysis go

to the krebs cycle

where does the NADH in glycolysis go

to the ETC

in glycolysis what is formed

pyrvuate, NADH, and ATP

why is there sometimes a max of 36 or 38 ATP form per glucose

It depends on which moldule is picking up the H+ because it can either be NADH or FADH

who picks up the electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

oxygen

where does the electrons in the electron transport chain come from

NADH AND FADH

What is the final product to come out of the electron transport chain

water

what does the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 make?

6CO2 and 6 H2O

is the krebs cycle in the mitochondria?

yes

when does FADH2 come into the cycle?

after the krebs cycle- the kreb cycle basically forms it than takes the electrons with the NADH

How many ATP total is formed ONLY in the ETC cycle

NADH- 34
FADHs- 32

what step does the glucose go

into glycolysis

what step does the oxygen go

into the electron transport chain

where does the CO2 come out of

the kreb cycle - six of them

where does the H2O come out of

the electron transport chain

you eat sugar but you

BREATHE out the carbons

how is ATP being made by the h+ ions

ATP is forming as the H+ moves DOWN its concentration gradient and gives energy to let oxidative phosphorylation happen

what does the carbon from AcetylCOa ( within the Krebs cycle) become?

CO2 remember we breathe out the sugar
the glucose becomes pyrvuate which then beocmes AcetylCoa

where does the h+ come from

everytime the NADH donates an electron

overall, what does the electron transport chain create

a gradient of H+ ions

overall, what is oxidative phosphoration?

ADP + Pi= ATP

what happens when you have only h+ on one side of the gradient

they will then go through the ATPase tube

what molecules picks up the electrons at the end of ETC

Oxygen to make water

the ATP is only going to be formed when.....

when the hydrogen ions through the ATP synthase

why can the h+ ions NOT move through the plasma membrane

because they are charged

chemiosmosis

the coupling reaction of the electron transport chain plus oxidative phosphorylation

do fats create more energy than glucose?

yes because they enter the cycle in two different spots

who donates the electrons in photosynthesis

water

who takes the electrons away in photosynthesis

NADPH

What is the flattened sacs in the chloroplasts

thylakoids

where is the chlorophyll

in the chloroplasts

what are the photosystems jobs

absorb light energy and donate electrons

the electron lost in photosystem 2 is replaced by what

water

what is the source of energy to make ATP in photosyntehsis

hydrogen ions build up

what are the energy molecules produced in photosynthesis

nadph and atp

where does the energy to excite the electrons in the water to make the water move the electrons come from

sunlight

what are the openings in plants for gas exchange

Stomata

the liquid that bathes the thylakoids are

the stroma

collection of thylakoids are called

grana

do chloroplasts have their own dna

yes

Where does the calvin cycle happen

the stroma- the liquid that bathes

why co2 for plants

the carbon- used for the sugar

does the calvin cycle need light

no it is light independent

a and b are what color

GREEN

if your're not green youre called what

antenna

what chlorophyll loses the electrons

chlorophyll a

what do pigments do for the cell

absorb light energy

what is the noncyclic pathway

because it does NOT go back- it starts in one place and leaves in another- then you need a new water molecule to start again

what if only photosystem 1 was working?

there would be no electrons

what does the calvin cycle make

sugar

what happens in the cyclic pathway

1. light hits photosystem one
2. chlorphyll loses the electron
3. the electron falls back to the first etc and returns to photosystem one

what is the enzyme that binds the 1CO2 to RUBP

Rubisco

if you want to make glucose that has 6 carbons how many calvin cycles do you need

SIX

What are the three stages of the Calvin cycle

1. carbon fixation (where the 1C attaches to the 5C= 6C RUBP
2. Reduction (6C is REDUCED)
3.Regeneration (REFORM THE RUBISCO)

what are the three inputs for the calvin cycle

ATP, CO2, and NADPH

WHAT IS THE OUTPUT OF THE CALVIN CYCLE

GLUCOSE

what pathway do monocots take

C4
ADDING A STEP

the color of observed is the light that is...

reflected
meaning they absorb all other colors

where is the site of the light dependent reactions

inside the granum / grand

carotene is

orange

xanthophyll is

yellow

what colors do chlorophyll a and b reflect

A) blue-green

B) yellow-green

the cyclic phosphorlyation means it goes into a continuous cycle, so what is the ONE byproduct made

ATP

Non cyclic phosphorylation does NOT go into a continuous cycle, so what are the byproducts made

O2, NADPH, ATP

the calvin cycle takes what to make what

It takes carbon to make glucose

During what stage of photosynthesis is O2 released?

Light dependent reactions involving photosystems I and II

The pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis are located in the...

Thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

what is carbon fixation

making carbon dixoide into carbohydrates

what is the extra step in the C4 pathway

the CO2 binds to malate and moves down to the bundle sheath cells

what reaction occurs in the mesophyll cell

light depedent

what reaction occurs in the bundle sheath cells

light indepedent/ calvin cycle

what does mesophyll cell form

MALATE

carbon fixation takes place only at

night

what plants use the CAM pathway

Cactus