Latin Yearly Revison #1

when were elections held in pompeii?

elections in pompeii were held at the end of march annually

how did people react to the elections?

the pompeiians took local politics very seriously

who were fautores?

fautores were supporters of the candidates

what were the main ways candidates could advertise?

a candidate could advertise by writing slogans on walls, processions through the street and public speeches

What offices did candidates run for annually?

The Duoviri (senior pair) and Aediles (junior pair)

what were the two main duties of the senior pair? (duoviri)

Hearing evidence and giving judgement in court

what were eight duties of the junior pair? (aediles)

supervising the public markets, police force, baths, places of public entertainment, water supply, sewers, public services being run efficiently and local taxes were spent wisely

who was in the town council?

100 leading citizens, most of whom had already served as duoviri or aediles

how were these members selected?

new members were chosen by the council, not members of the public

How did one recognize a candidate?

A toga whitened with chalk

what did candidus mean?

dazzling white

What three roles did an agent play in the campaign?

praising their qualities, made promises on their behalf and distributed bribes in the form of money

What illegal form of persuasion was widely practiced?

financial bribery

what were legal forms of persuasion?

promises of games and entertainments if the candidate won

What was expected if a candidate won?

they would show gratitude by putting on shows in the theater and amphitheater

How else was a candidate expected to contribute from his own wealth?

to the construction and repair of public buildings

what was special about the holconii and the flacci

they were wealthy families who paid for many public buildings and put on first class shows

How did public service affect small towns like Pompeii?

enjoy benefits which local taxes couldn't pay for

As a result, what was an indispensable qualification for taking part in government?

men had to be wealthy

what were four advantages of public service?

wide seats in the front row of the theater reserved for him, special place close to the arena in the amphitheater, town council might erect a statue to him, and he would have his name inscribed on any building to whose construction or repair he had contributed

What Roman characteristic made these rewards appealing?

Romans were not modest and wanted honour and fame amongst their fellow citizens

When might the central government intervene in local politics?

if local officials were unable to preserve law and order

what happened in A.D. 60 in Pompeii?

people from Nuceria argued with Pompeiians at a gladiator show and many were killed. Games in Pompeii were banned for 10 years

What was a praefectus?

a special high ranking officer often a military official

Describe pre-school learning for most Roman children

pre-school learning for roman children would be learning some greek from servants

At what age was formal schooling usually begun?

around 7 years old

to what extent were roman schools coeducational?

until around 14, when girls would be married off

describe the education of an upper class Roman girl

learning how to read, write, childcare, spinning, weaving and how to organise slaves in a household

how many students and how many teachers were there in the first school a roman child would attend?

there was one teacher and 30 students

what was the name of the first teacher a roman child would have

ludi magister

What did a typical Roman classroom look like?

it was typically a rented room or a public colonnade or square, with lots of noise and distractions.

Did Roman children have to attend school?

No (there was no law requiring school attendance)

Was there an educational fee?

Yes, a small educational fee was required

why would children go to school?

to obtain the advantages of being able to read and write, as well as speak Latin and Greek

What were the duties of a paedagogus?

they were responsible for the students behavior and protection.

what things did children study with the ludi magister?

basic arithmetic, and reading and writing latin and greek

what is the definition of tabulae?

wooden tablets

what is the definition of stilus

metal or ivory writing stick

what is the definition of papyrus

rough paperlike material

what instruments were used for writing on papyrus?

A reed or a goose quill sharpened and split at one end like a modern pen nib

What was ink made from?

mixing soot and resin thinned with water

How did the students work in school?

no desks and no blackboard, they sat on benches or stools resting tablets on their knees. (Master/teacher sat on a high chair overlooking the class)

What was classroom discipline like?

Strict and sometimes harsh

how long was a school day?

Began early and lasted for 6 hours with a short break at midday

When did the students have holidays?

On public festivals and on every 9th day, which was market day

When did Quintus go to secondary school?

around age 11

What was Quintus' teacher's name at this level?

grammaticus

for what works was homer famous for?

the Iliad and the Odyssey

who were aeschylus, sophocles and euripides

greek tragic poets who wrote many plays

what was the major way to study the works of homer etc besides listening and reciting

analyse their works and learn about their backstory

what two other subject were taught at secondary level?

history and geography were taught to understand references in literature

when would quintus leave the grammaticus?

at age 15 or 16

who two languages would Quintus know well?

good understanding of greek and latin

why was it important to know greek?

it was widely spoken in the places men would go on business trips to

who was the teacher at the third level of education?

rhetor

what two things did a rhetor teach?

advanced literature and different forms of public speaking

in what ways would a Roman use the skills learnt in the third level of education?

present cases in court, express their opinions in council meetings and address people during elections

what were four parts to learning public speaking?

making different kinds of speeches, practicing arguing for and against, varying tone and gesturing

what was the purpose of ordinary roman schools?

to teach things necessary for life

what four abilities did ordinary roman schools teach?

reading and writing, simple arithmetic, fine literature and the ability to argue well

how did a student learn science?

science was learnt if your parents were wealthy enough to pay the fees

how did a student learn technical skills?

if you became an apprentice in a trade

at what time of day would Caecilius go to the baths?

the middle of the afternoon

what kinds of activities took place in the baths?

exercise, meeting friends and having a snack

who was the ostiarius?

a doorman/guard for the baths. they sometimes collected money at the entrance

what was the palaestra?

the exercise area

what activities occurred in the palaestra?

throwing a large ball to each other, wrestling and fencing with wooden swords

what is the apodyterium?

the changing room

what is the tepidarium?

the warm room

what is the caldarium?

the hot room

what is the frigidarium?

the cold room

how were oil and strigils used in baths?

oil was used like soap and strigils to scrape the oil off

from whom did the romans learn to build baths?

from the Greeks

what feature of the bath complex did romans improve?

the heating in the baths

how did the heating system in the baths work?

the romans used a furnace below the baths to push warm air into pipes that heated the baths?

what was the heating system in the baths called?

hypocaust

where else was the hypocaust system used?

in private houses to warm up colder rooms

what was the most commonly used fuel to heat up the baths?

wood

what type of tense is imperfect?

an incomplete past tense action

in latin the imperfect tense ends with?

bam, bas, bat, bamus, batis, bant

what tense is laudamus?

present

what tense is dormiebam?

imperfect

what tense is salutabant?

imperfect

what tense is auditis?

present

videbam

i was seeing

sedent

they sit

ducebat

he was leading

clamatis

you shout

intrabamus

we were entering

portabas

you were carrying

ridebam

i was smiling

dico

i an saying

he was sleeping

dormiebat

we were sitting

sedebamus

i love

amo

you were watching (plural)

spectabatis

he is calling

vocat

what is the present tense used for?

an action happening now

the perfect tense is used for?

a completed action in the past

the present tense ending are?

o, s, t, mus, tis, nt