Studied by 2 peoplewhen were elections held in pompeii?
elections in pompeii were held at the end of march annually
how did people react to the elections?
the pompeiians took local politics very seriously
who were fautores?
fautores were supporters of the candidates
what were the main ways candidates could advertise?
a candidate could advertise by writing slogans on walls, processions through the street and public speeches
What offices did candidates run for annually?
The Duoviri (senior pair) and Aediles (junior pair)
what were the two main duties of the senior pair? (duoviri)
Hearing evidence and giving judgement in court
what were eight duties of the junior pair? (aediles)
supervising the public markets, police force, baths, places of public entertainment, water supply, sewers, public services being run efficiently and local taxes were spent wisely
who was in the town council?
100 leading citizens, most of whom had already served as duoviri or aediles
how were these members selected?
new members were chosen by the council, not members of the public
How did one recognize a candidate?
A toga whitened with chalk
what did candidus mean?
dazzling white
What three roles did an agent play in the campaign?
praising their qualities, made promises on their behalf and distributed bribes in the form of money
What illegal form of persuasion was widely practiced?
financial bribery
what were legal forms of persuasion?
promises of games and entertainments if the candidate won
What was expected if a candidate won?
they would show gratitude by putting on shows in the theater and amphitheater
How else was a candidate expected to contribute from his own wealth?
to the construction and repair of public buildings
what was special about the holconii and the flacci
they were wealthy families who paid for many public buildings and put on first class shows
How did public service affect small towns like Pompeii?
enjoy benefits which local taxes couldn't pay for
As a result, what was an indispensable qualification for taking part in government?
men had to be wealthy
what were four advantages of public service?
wide seats in the front row of the theater reserved for him, special place close to the arena in the amphitheater, town council might erect a statue to him, and he would have his name inscribed on any building to whose construction or repair he had contributed
What Roman characteristic made these rewards appealing?
Romans were not modest and wanted honour and fame amongst their fellow citizens
When might the central government intervene in local politics?
if local officials were unable to preserve law and order
what happened in A.D. 60 in Pompeii?
people from Nuceria argued with Pompeiians at a gladiator show and many were killed. Games in Pompeii were banned for 10 years
What was a praefectus?
a special high ranking officer often a military official
Describe pre-school learning for most Roman children
pre-school learning for roman children would be learning some greek from servants
At what age was formal schooling usually begun?
around 7 years old
to what extent were roman schools coeducational?
until around 14, when girls would be married off
describe the education of an upper class Roman girl
learning how to read, write, childcare, spinning, weaving and how to organise slaves in a household
how many students and how many teachers were there in the first school a roman child would attend?
there was one teacher and 30 students
what was the name of the first teacher a roman child would have
ludi magister
What did a typical Roman classroom look like?
it was typically a rented room or a public colonnade or square, with lots of noise and distractions.
Did Roman children have to attend school?
No (there was no law requiring school attendance)
Was there an educational fee?
Yes, a small educational fee was required
why would children go to school?
to obtain the advantages of being able to read and write, as well as speak Latin and Greek
What were the duties of a paedagogus?
they were responsible for the students behavior and protection.
what things did children study with the ludi magister?
basic arithmetic, and reading and writing latin and greek
what is the definition of tabulae?
wooden tablets
what is the definition of stilus
metal or ivory writing stick
what is the definition of papyrus
rough paperlike material
what instruments were used for writing on papyrus?
A reed or a goose quill sharpened and split at one end like a modern pen nib
What was ink made from?
mixing soot and resin thinned with water
How did the students work in school?
no desks and no blackboard, they sat on benches or stools resting tablets on their knees. (Master/teacher sat on a high chair overlooking the class)
What was classroom discipline like?
Strict and sometimes harsh
how long was a school day?
Began early and lasted for 6 hours with a short break at midday
When did the students have holidays?
On public festivals and on every 9th day, which was market day
When did Quintus go to secondary school?
around age 11
What was Quintus' teacher's name at this level?
grammaticus
for what works was homer famous for?
the Iliad and the Odyssey
who were aeschylus, sophocles and euripides
greek tragic poets who wrote many plays
what was the major way to study the works of homer etc besides listening and reciting
analyse their works and learn about their backstory
what two other subject were taught at secondary level?
history and geography were taught to understand references in literature
when would quintus leave the grammaticus?
at age 15 or 16
who two languages would Quintus know well?
good understanding of greek and latin
why was it important to know greek?
it was widely spoken in the places men would go on business trips to
who was the teacher at the third level of education?
rhetor
what two things did a rhetor teach?
advanced literature and different forms of public speaking
in what ways would a Roman use the skills learnt in the third level of education?
present cases in court, express their opinions in council meetings and address people during elections
what were four parts to learning public speaking?
making different kinds of speeches, practicing arguing for and against, varying tone and gesturing
what was the purpose of ordinary roman schools?
to teach things necessary for life
what four abilities did ordinary roman schools teach?
reading and writing, simple arithmetic, fine literature and the ability to argue well
how did a student learn science?
science was learnt if your parents were wealthy enough to pay the fees
how did a student learn technical skills?
if you became an apprentice in a trade
at what time of day would Caecilius go to the baths?
the middle of the afternoon
what kinds of activities took place in the baths?
exercise, meeting friends and having a snack
who was the ostiarius?
a doorman/guard for the baths. they sometimes collected money at the entrance
what was the palaestra?
the exercise area
what activities occurred in the palaestra?
throwing a large ball to each other, wrestling and fencing with wooden swords
what is the apodyterium?
the changing room
what is the tepidarium?
the warm room
what is the caldarium?
the hot room
what is the frigidarium?
the cold room
how were oil and strigils used in baths?
oil was used like soap and strigils to scrape the oil off
from whom did the romans learn to build baths?
from the Greeks
what feature of the bath complex did romans improve?
the heating in the baths
how did the heating system in the baths work?
the romans used a furnace below the baths to push warm air into pipes that heated the baths?
what was the heating system in the baths called?
hypocaust
where else was the hypocaust system used?
in private houses to warm up colder rooms
what was the most commonly used fuel to heat up the baths?
wood
what type of tense is imperfect?
an incomplete past tense action
in latin the imperfect tense ends with?
bam, bas, bat, bamus, batis, bant
what tense is laudamus?
present
what tense is dormiebam?
imperfect
what tense is salutabant?
imperfect
what tense is auditis?
present
videbam
i was seeing
sedent
they sit
ducebat
he was leading
clamatis
you shout
intrabamus
we were entering
portabas
you were carrying
ridebam
i was smiling
dico
i an saying
he was sleeping
dormiebat
we were sitting
sedebamus
i love
amo
you were watching (plural)
spectabatis
he is calling
vocat
what is the present tense used for?
an action happening now
the perfect tense is used for?
a completed action in the past
the present tense ending are?
o, s, t, mus, tis, nt
Note
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