HENRY VIII - FO PO IN THE 1530S AND 1540S

who was the Mary Rose named after?

Henry’s younger sister, Mary

What was the Mary Rose?

Henry’s prize ship

What is the story between Emperor Maximillian and Henry’s armourers?

In 1509/1510 Maximilian sent over someone to build Henry’s first ever suit of armour, he liked it so much that he kept the armourer and employed a german armourers

What peace is declared in 1529?

peace of Cambrai

Why is Charles V a particular threat in 1533?

the divorce has been finalised, Anne has been crowned and Catherine of Aragon has been crowned

Why is there much no foreign policy in the years 1529-1533?

focus on the divorce instead

When do Henry and Anne visit Francis, what is the significance of this?

the divorce gains recognition overseas, potential for an anglo-franco alliance

Why does Anne want an alliance with France?

has childhood connections with France and Spain has links with Catherine of Aragon?

How does Anne wish to secure a French alliance, why is this especially significant?

Anne wants Elisabeth to marry a French prince, to guarantee her future, especially prevalent when in 1534 Mary is declared a bastard

Why does a French alliance in 1533 look unlikely?

a growing separation, as Henry wanted Francis’ support in the split with Rome whereas Francis wanted support from the Pope against Charles V

What does Cromwell want for foreign policy, what does this result in 1533 and 1536?

an alliance with the German protestant princes, talks for the league of Schmalkalden begin in 1533 and the act of ten articles is published in 1536

what has happened to Germany in the 1530’s?

it has split into Protestant and Catholic princes, this will eventually lead to civil war

What happens is 1536 that allows for an alliance with Charles V?

Anne dies (pushing for French alliance) and Catherine dies (bone of contention)

How are the wars for Milan between France and the HRE reopened in 1535/6?

In 1535 the Duke of Milan dies with no clear heir, Charles had a right to get involved as Milan is a part of the HRE, so he goes to make his son Philip the Duke of Milan, Francis dislikes this as he has a bloodlink to the duchy

How is the renewal of the Italian wars in 1535 positive for England?

takes the focus away from England and the divorce

What is the 1538 truce of Nice?

not a treaty, but stops France and HRE from fighting with one another

Why was the truce of Nice necessary?

both sides had run out of money, Charles had issues with the Ottomans

Why was the truce of Nice bad for England?

attention back to England, exemplified by Henry’s excommunication in 1538, As Charles was secular head of Europe, a huge concern for invasion

How was 1538 a concern for Henry in regards to the Exeter conspiracy and Reginald Pole?

Courteney, Montague and the Poles (yorkists) had a conspiracy to overthrow Henry and Reginald exemplifies this issue by being in Rome with papal backing encouraging France and HRE to intervene

Why was Henry deeply upset by the exeter conspiracy?

Courteney had been one of his closest advisors and a constant companion since childhood

How did Scotland offend Henry in 1538?

James’s first wife (Madeline) was French and she died, so he remarried Mary of Guise, Henry had asked for her hand just after the death of Jane but she rejected him in favour of a lesser king

Why did Henry have no allies in 1539?

his only ally (the league of Schmalkalden) was hit or miss, france and HRE had signed a pact agreeing not to negotiate seperately with England

What had happened to the Exeter Conspiracy by 1539?

bar Reginald, all members had been imprisoned or executed, Margaret Pole died in 1541

How was Henry going about his aims of dual policy in 1539?

he published the act of six articles, as well as entering negotations for the league of Schmalkalden but wasn’t prepared to accept their more radical form of Protestantism

Why is Henry worried about becoming too protestant?

if he does, then France and HRE will definitely invade

What did Henry begin work on in February 1539?

a series of coastal defences (eg dartmouth), most of the work was done in two years as he recognised the need for a defensive policy

How was Cleves in a similar position to Henry?

he was Catholic (ish) but had broken with Rome

What religion did Anne of Cleves follow?

Lutheranism

What did henry add to Dartmouth castle?

a boom

What treaty was engineered in October 1539?

treaty engineered by Cromwell, and signed between between Henry and the Duke of Cleves, including the deal to marry Anne

Why did Henry marry Anne?

in order to gain an alliance with the league of Schmalkalden

Why was Cromwell’s foreign policy no longer relevant in 1540?

Henry had divorced Anne, Cromwell was dead

Who was Henry looking to ally with in 1540?

either France or Spain as the friendhsip between the two was dead

Who did Henry ally with in 1542?

Charles V

Who does France ally with in 1543, what does this casue?

Francis allied with the ottoman Turks, circles within circles

What did the ottoman’s control in 1543?

Turkey and Southern Europe (Serbia, Turkey, Montenegro) Petsch had fallen and in 1529 they reacched the gates of Vienna

Henry quote about Anne

‘she doesn’t have the belly of a virgin’ (fat)

Why do Charles and Francis go to war again in 1540?

Philip is actually named duke of Milan

What was Henry dealing with, when he was looking for an alliance with Charles?

Henry was at war with Scotland and the Auld alliance had kicked in.

What happened to Henry and James V in 1541?

meeting arranged between the two in York (Henry was on progress there following the POG) but James never turns up which offends Henry greatly?

What is Katherine Howard up to when Henry goes on pilgrimigae to the North?

sleeping with Thomas Culpeper

Why did ames V not turn up to York?

Henry was his uncle who felt like he could tell JAmes how to rule and govern his church, James hated this

How is Henry offfended by the York affair?

he physically turns up with nobles and gifts and is stood up

How does Henry respond to the York affair?

secures the scottish border (Berwick and carlisle), October 1542, Norfolk conducts ineffective border raids

What was the Batlle of Solway Moss, November 1542?

10,000 Scots defeated by 3,000 Englishmen

Who was left regent after the death of James V, why was this bad?

Mary of Guise who was both a woman and foreign (French)

Why did JAmes V die?

dies shortly after the battle, scottish nobility wiped out, defeat and a duaghter is born, dies in a depressive state

deathbed quote of James V?

it started with a lass and ended with a lass

When does james V die?

shortly after the battle of Solway Moss

WHO IS THE YOUNGEST MOARCH OF THE BRITISH ISLES, HOW OLD?

Mary Queen of Scots, comes to the throne at six days old

What is Henry’s plan after the death of James V?

marry Edward and Mary, so mary will become Queen of England and Edward will become king of Scotland, wants Mary brought up in England

What is the 1543 treaty of Greenwich?

first stage of the rough wooing, agred that Edward and Mary would Marry, Ear of Arran in charge as co rgent with MAry of Guise

Why was the Earl of Arran made regent by Henry?

was in henry’s pocket as he was given property by henry, one of the impriosned nobles who Henry bargained with

Why does Arran eventually reject the treaty of Greenwich?

henry interferred too much, and Marie never wanted him anyway, so they repudiate the treaty

How is the treaty of Greenwich repudiated?

claimed it was signed under pressure

What does henry try and do to Scotland in 1544?

tried to bully Scotland into giving into English demands and in May the earl of Hetford destroyed large parts of edinburgh and took Edinburgh Catsle?

Who was the earl of Hertford?

Edward Seymour

Who did Marie of Guise want MAry to marry?

a french prince

Was the rough wooing successful?

No, continues into the reign of Edward and only ends in 1552 with the treaty of Norham

What happens to Mary in her childhood?

grew up in a monastry in a remote island of Scotland, in 1547 moved to France

Where did Henry lay seige to in 1544?

Boulogne

What do Chalres and Henry agree on in 1542 andformally agree in 1543, and was led in person by 1544?

a joint invasion of France

What does Henry do in June 1544?

Henry invaded France but ignored the plan to attck Paris and seiged Boulogne and won

Where was Henry during the seige of Boulogne?

actually there, directing policy

What peace do Charles and Francis make in 1544?

Peace of Crespy, Charles felt let down by Henry

Why does Henry like th seige of Boulogne?

makes him feel youthful, achieves military glory

Why does Henry want to take Boulogne?

a port and in a convienent location

What does Susannah Lipscombe say about foreign policy in 1545?

most dangerous year in Henry’s reign

What did the French do in July 1545?

sail into English waters at Portsmouth and in the Solent

How can Henry’s fear in 1545 be seen?

huge number of weapons, soldiers from all of England and foreign mercenaries, Portsmouth and Southhsea castle revamped

Where were Henry’s troops in 1545?

scotland, Boulogne and the South

What happened in 1546, Scotland?

battle of Ancrum More, Scots had French support and the English lost

How big was the attempted French invasion in 1545?

220 ships and 30,000 ships

Why did the french invasion of England fail?

bad weather and bad french organisation but did land on the Isle of Wight

What happened to the Mary rose?

Henry’s prize warship, sank

what was the 1546 treaty of Campe?

signed after henry ordered secret negotiations with both France and Spain, England would keep Boulogne for 8 years, France would buy it back for 600,000 and pay an annual pension of 35,000 a year

How did the French aim to retake Boulogne?

due to peace of Crespy, now french focused all of it’s attention on bouologne, failed due to bad weather but henry lost a lot of men

What was expesnive to maintain?

garrisons a Calais and Boulogne

Why was Bouolgne at an inconvienent location?

70 miles between calias and Bouolgne which was occupied by the French

How much was spent on the 1540s campaigns?

over 2 million

How was foreign policy financed?

great debasement, european banks, selling land from the dissolution

How were the campaigns in Scotland unsuccesful?

never achieved anything in Scotland, never got Mary Queen of Scots