ap psych 4-b

conscious

mental process that you are aware of

preconscious

mental processes that you are not aware of, but can become aware of

unconscious

inaccessible mental process that can influence throughout judgement/behavior

Id

pleasure principle- demanding immediate gratification (devil on shoulder)

superego

how things aught to be (angel on shoulder)

ego

moderates between id and superego- reality principle

projective tests

projecting internal, unconscious attitudes on ambiguous stimuli; break through defense mechanisms

denial

refusing to accept an anxiety producing place of information

displacement

redirecting anger and other unacceptable thoughts, motives, etc toward a less threatening person or object

projection

transferring one’s own unacceptable thoughts, etc to others

rationalization

distorting reality in order to justify something that has happened

reaction formation

thinking or behaving in a way that is the opposite of your own thoughts/feelings

regression

reverting to an earlier stage of life in a conflict

repression

preventing and pushing down thoughts and emotions to the unconscious

sublimination

diverting unwanted impulses into socially approves thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

factor analysis

summarize and reduce large correlated data sets into a smaller number of underlying factors or patterns

conscientiousness

careful, dependable, self-disciplined

agreeableness

courteous, good-natured, empathetic, caring

neuroticism

emotional, hostile, depressed, angry

openness

imaginative, creative, curious, sensitive

extraversion

outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive

self-actualization tendency

the innate human drive towards growth

unconditional positive regard

an attitude of acceptance of delf and others despite their shortcomings

real self vs ideal self

who you are vs who you want to be

congruent vs incongruent

strong vs little overlap in your real vs ideal self

reciprocal determinism

a persons behaviors are influenced by environmental factors as well as personal cognitive factors

self concept

how one views oneself internally and in relation to others

self efficacy

ones confidence in their ability to succeed

self esteem

an individuals subjective emotional evaluation of their own worth

disposal attribution

assumption that behavior reflects internal dispositions

situational attribution

assumption that behaviors reflect external influences

explanatory style

bad events are permanent, global and internal vs bad events are temporary, specific, and external

internal loss of control

ones own actions control outcomes

external loss of control

outside factors control outcomes

fundamental attribution error

tendency to overemphasize dispositional factors to explain other people’s behavior and underemphasize situational factors

self serving bias

overemphasize dispositional factors for our success, while overemphasizing situational factors beyond our control for our failures

just world phenomenon

they get what they deserve

cognitive dissonance

state oh psychological tension or discomfort when a persons beliefs and behaviors are inconsistent

social comparison

people evaluate themselves based on comparisons to other members of society or social circles

upward

other group is perceived as superior

downward

other group is perceived as inferior

relative deprivation

actual/perceived lack of resource; can lead to frustration

ingroup bias

tendency to favor one’s own group

outgroup homo geneity bias

tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as more similar than they actually are

stereotyping

fixed, overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people

scapegoating

a group made to become an outlet for anger and blame

prejudice

negative attitudes toward a group based on stereotypes

discrimination

behavior or action that causes us to treat people differently

ethnocentrism

tendency to judge other cultures by the standards and values of their own culture

self fulfilling prophecy

how you treat others and how they treat you effect eavhother in a never ending cycle

individualism

cultural emphasis on goals and rights of individualism

collectivism

cultural emphasis on group goals, interpersonal relationships, and behavior for the goal of the group

multiculturalism

coexistence of diverse cultural groups within a society, promoting the recognition, appreciation, and preservation of different cultural identities

social traps

situations where individuals/groups engage in actions that seem individually beneficial, but result in negative outcomes for the larger social group/society as a whole

groupthink

the desire for harmony or conformity results in an incorrect errant decision making

social loafing

tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attracting a common goal than when tested individually

bystander effect

and given bystander to be less likely to help in a group cause they are not individually responsible

social facilitaion

increase in performance in front of others

social inhibition

decline in performance in front of others

conformity

adjustment of behavior due to social influence

obedience

adjustment of behavior from direct order from authority figure

deindividuation

loss of self awareness and self restraint in group situations that foster arousal anonymity