POLI 100

what are the two concept lenses through which we view political science

the state and the citizen

what has challenged the state?

globalization

what chanlenges citizens?

identity politics

authoritarianism and populism are in response to what?

globalization and individualism

what is the root word of politics and from where is it derived?

the root word is "Polis" meaning city state

what is the modern period

1650s on

what is the posmodern period

1950s on

give an example of an ancient

mediecal

are ages or epochs bigger

epochs are bigger. Ages are within epochs.

Where does the idea of the "the art of governing" come from

The ancient greeks. They believed in "the art of justice"

Main points of Plato's "Republic" (9 of them)

-about how politics ought to be (not how they are)

-purpose of politics is to create justice (ie goodness)

-three poarts of individual: rational

Main points of Machiavelli's "The Prince" (7)

-analyzes politics as it really is - the struggle for power

-politics is an art/craft

-refuses to accept politics as justice/how things ought to be

-Purpose of politics is to ensure the power of the prince and maintain order.

-The virtu of the prince must overcome the fortuna of politics

-a wise prince ought to adopt such a course that his citizens will always in every sort and kind of circumstance have need of the state and of him

in machiavelli's "The Prince

" what is virtu?

and when you're in the middle of something

how can you adapt/change to manipulate it from your end

in machiavelli's "The Prince

" what is Fortuna?

politics in the ancient and medieval west can be defined as...

"the art of governing"

differences between Plato and Machiavelli's "art of governing"

Plato - art of justice

Machiavelli - art of power

How does the quote "I think

therefore I am" by Rene Descartes (meaning: because I am capable of thought

when does the modern age begin

English enlightenment

conceptual deintion of modernity: what are the tenants that modernity is about/

-Individuals are paramount - looking at individual citizens rather than singualr monarchs

-belief in science (challenge to religion)n- reason is the route to knowledge

two key differences in modern politics from pre-modern

politics/governing is a science

what is inductive reasoning/empirical way of thinking

Observing the reality of the world around us. Use this as data to develop generalizations abt how the world works

what is inductive reasoning?

step back from real world to think abstractly and logically about what theories and paradigms would explain the world around you. As a scientist

three examples of modern political thinkers

Hobbes

who wrote leviathon and when was it published? what was the historical context

Hobbes

main points of Hobbes' Leviathon (6)

apply Galileo's scientific method to politics:

-to understand something

Who wrote "Two Treatises of Government" when was it published

and what was the historical context?

Main points of Locke's "Two Treatises of Government" (4)

-empirical scientific method

-discorver laws of nature: law of sel preservation (right to life) AND right to liberty and property

-state must fudnamentally rptoest three rights of nature

-Liberal/democratic state - can be resolved and replaced if it doesn't protect the rights

historical context of Marx

19th c

main points of Marx's ideology (3)

not a utopian socialist like those before him

decuctive scientific methods - Laws governing economics/politics

discover the "laws of capital"

when did political science become a discipline

Became a thing when the American Political science Association was founded in 1903

behavior revolution - when did it taking place

what's it about

what is important in post-modern Political science?

attitudes/values of individuals

statistical analysis - comparative between time and place/location

conflicting ends of state vs citizen

secutity vs rights/freedoms

when and how did the state emerge? Causes?

in 16th

basic tenets of early modern state

Secular authority in a given territory

Sovereign: supreme law-making power

State's purposes:

-Create order and security in society

-defend its territory against other states

-Preserve rights and govern citizens

two defitions of modern state

1. State as country is a political and legal entity which has a permanent population

consisting of the legislative

executive

difference between state and nation

State = legal

difference between state and gov't

state = permanent

Functions of the modern state

legislative - to pass laws

executive - to develop and enforce laws

judicial - to interpret laws

administrative/bureaucracy - to administer and provice advice on laws

socialization/education function (schools) - to teach young citizens the system of gov't and laws

coercive function (polive

state definition accoridng to Max Weber

state = "monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a given territory"

defitnion of constitution

the fundamental principles

describe aristotl'es taxonomy of constitutions

Six diff kinds of constitutions X axis = how many ppl ruling (rule of one

what is the modern constitution?

basic contract between citizens and state

charcteristics of french and american consitutions (18th c)

the people challenging traditional authorities

the modern consitution determines:

distribution of power (branches like legislative and executive and level like federal/provincial)

process of decision-making

rights of citizens

resolution of disputes

basic foundations for laws

what are the acts/documents that make up the Charter? (6)

1987 consitution act (og british north american act) -parliamentary sonvereignty -ferderalism/division of powers -principles of peace

demos means

people

how many times has the war measures act been invoked

3 - WWI

3 key conepts to the study of politics

power

3 definitions of power (accoridng to DD Raphael)

The ability to do something - ie "I have the power to swing a bat"

Ability to convince others to do somethings (soft power)

Ability to force others to do something - coercive form of power - (hard power)

what are the three diff theories of state power

conservatice/realpolitik view

liberal view

marxist view

describe the conservative view of power

-power of state necessary to order violent and anarchical world

-hobbes and machiavelli

-IR realists - hard power defines everything

describe the liberal view of power

Power of state is dangerous (bc it can be used to abuse own citizens): to be kept in check by rights of citizens

describe socialist view of power

-power of state is illusionary real power only exists in economic realm

• capitalist is oppressive against most workers

-state protects interests of dimonant class

-revolution is necessary

-state will wither away in communist society

-Gransci argued political realm does have some independence

desrcribe the posmoderd challenge to modern concepts of power (Foucault)

not a capacity to be held but a force that circulates everywhere in society.

not only repressive

defintion of authority

legitimate exercise of power

describe max webers typology of authority

book - "politics as a vocation" - 1921/1991

soveriengty definition

supreme power of lawmaking within teritory

two aspects of sovereignty

Relationship to other states and international institutions

Relationship to citizens and subgroups within nation (ie provincial or indigenous gov't)

importance of sovereignty

Internal: counter parallel authority within state

External: protect smaller states from larger

main challenges to sovereignty

globalization challenges (economic globalization

what is an ideology

a systematic and comprehensive political doctrine based on rational principles that provides both an explanatory theory and a prescriptive program of mass action.

tend to involve whle world

Ideology should explain how politics/society are (explanatory)

what are the main modern western ideologies

and when/why did they originate

definition of liberalism

An ideology which holds individual liberty as its paramount value

who wrote "On Liberty"

when was it published

ideas of "On Liberty"

political liberalism

liberlaism is paramount value

3 basic kinds of liberty: thought

main tenets of classical liberalism

indicidual freedoms - esp economic and political - are paramount

free market

rule of law

equality of opportunity

tolerance

representative gov't

tolerance

division between private and public spheres

differences between welfare liberlaism and libertarianism

Welfare liberalism: -emphsis on equality

what is positive liberty (according to Berlin's "Two Concepts of Freedom"

Liberty = capacity to be the master of one's own destiny

state provde basic goods

social/economic rights

when did positive liberty emerge

post-WWII

ideology is a product of what era

modern

what does "new liberalism" mean

social welfare liberalism

defintion of republicanism

An ideology which rejects corruption

main tenets of republicanism

pushing against arbitrary rule by leaders

Anti-monarchical and aristocracy

All abt freedom of individuals and the ppl as a whole (this last part is how they differ from liberals) - popular sovereignty

what is "res publica"

origin of term "republicanism"

means means everything is public - republicans very interested in public realm

republicanism main texts/thinkers

Jean Jaques rousseau Social Contract 1762

American constitution (1776)

conservatism defintion

An ideology which seeks to avoid large-scale or radical change

who wrote "Reflections on the revolution in france" and when

Edmond Burke

tenets of "Reflections on the revolution in france" (7)

Started as a series of letters to a fictional young man about all the problems with the revolution in france

Bruke sees an enormous threat in the french revolution

tenets of burke's conservatism (5)

Anti-romantic/revolutionary/republican

Organic view of society - we are stustive looking after the organic change of society over time

conservation of traditon

pessimistic view of human nature

inequality and hierarchy (belief in aristocracy leading society)

defintion of neoconservatism

An ideology that defends two older traditions: fiscal conservatism (neoliberalism) and social conservatism

tenets of neoconservatism

fiscal conservatism -minimal gov't intervention

-decrease social spending

-cut tazes

-maximize private sector

social conservatism -increase state's control functions - police prisons

when did neoconservatism become popular

and who were famous proponents of it?

socialism defintion

An ideology that believes capitalism is an economic system that creates poverty

who wrote "Communist Manifesto" and when?

Marx

main tenets of socialism

Class conflict in society

economics/techdetermines history (economics is KEY) -Dialectical (or historical) materialism

Capitalism must be replaced or modified

The utopia: new collectivist economic and political system (endpoint of socialism)

3 threads: Marxists

defintion of rights

"Individual claims to freedoms or entitlements which often involve corollary obligations

historical contest of "Two Treatises of Government"

before locke

idea behind natural rights

everyone is born with rights of nature - universal

4 basic rights according to Locke

Life

Liberty

Property (private property)/persuit of happiness

To execute the law of nature - given to gov'ts to avoid anarchy

who wrote "Nonsense Upon Stilts"

Jeremy Bentham

Bentham's critiques of natural rights

Natural rights have no basis

Only rights which count are positive rights in law (ie within the law of england you have the right to a fair trial IS valid)

Elevated by rhetoric

Dialectical Materialism is associated with...

Marx

Aristotle's three good constitutions are...

Monarchy

Anarchy means...

an ideology that seeks no state.

who is the most important conservative thinker?

Burke

who wrote "two concepts of liberty" and when?

Isaiah berlin

tenets of negative liberty according to Berlin

Negative liberty -freedom from external constraint

-non-interference from state

-protect and preserve individual liberties

-civil/political rights

-classic liberal/neoliberalism

Positive Liberty -capacity