mod. 33-37 vocab

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128 Terms

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agriculture

planting and harvesting domesticated plants, and raising domesticated animal for food

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domesticated plant

a plant that's always planted, protected, cared for, and used by humans

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farmers

someone who practices agricultural by growing crops, raising, animals, and sometimes do both

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topography

landforms

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tropical wet and dry climate

dry season with little to no rain

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marine west coast climate

occur along western coast, closer to poles

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subsistence agricultural

small farm/garden, family members, and sells locally

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shifting cultivation

cultivation of a plot of land, until it becomes less active, when productivity drops, farmers move to land that's been prepared by slash-burn

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rural settlement

small group of people living in urban areas

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settlement pattern

the way people organizes itself on land

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cadastral survey

documentation of property ownership, shape, use, and boundaries

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township and range

divides country territories into grid shaped

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seed drill

machine for planting seeds in rows

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scythe

agricultural hand tool with a curvy blade to cut grains in fields

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crossbreeding

mixing diff. species of plants/animals to create hybrids

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hybrid

offspring of 2 plants/animals of diff. species

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cassava

root vegetable native to South America

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capital expenditures

farm things that cost money

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agriculture cooperative

organization where farmer get their resources from certain areas such as production

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commodity

primary product that can be bought or sold

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agribuisness

large cooperation that provides a array of goods and services to support agricultural industry

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hinterland

areas of a surrounding city

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proprietary seeds

seeds that're developed and owned by a company

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export commodity

cash crops that's produced for export to wealthier countries at the expenses of crop production for local consumption

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water control land reclamation

draining land using salt water or fresh water for increasing area for agricultural production

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aquifier

underground water depositing hundreds of thousands of years ago

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aquaculture

cultivation and harvesting of the aquatic organisms while being under controlled conditions

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conventional agriculture

farming that is manufactured synthetic inputs, GMO seeds

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food deserts

areas that have limited access to fresh and nutritious food

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domesticated animal

an animal that is dependent on people for food and shelter, close contact to humans

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physical geography

the earth's characteristics on how the earth works, affect human, and how human affects them

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nutrients

part of topsoil which is needed for plants to survive, grow, and reproduce

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climate

weather pattern of a region

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tropical wet climates

has rain everyday of the year

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monsoon

reversal of winds with general onshore

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monsoon rains

long period of heavy rain every day at the end of a short dry season

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arid

dry climate, receive less rain

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semiarid (steppe)

dry climate that receive enough rain annually to support farming

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moderate climate

average year-around temp. of 75 F. in north and south of equator on edge of tropical climate

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humid subtropical climates

long, hot summer
short, mild winter with somewhat precipitation

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mediterranean climate

climate w/ winter precipitation, unusual mild winters, clear skies w/ sunshine all along mediterranean sea

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continential climate

large range of temp. and moderate precipitation

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humid continental climates

experiences all 4 seasons, moderate precipitation
can experience shitty weather whenever

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Humid cold climate (subartic)

frigid temp. year around

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intensive agricultural

requires more labor and financially required

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commercial agriculture

lots of money used on farm, larger farms, sells local, regional, or globally, more workers

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market gardening

small scale farming system, selling diverse crops, sells commercial

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truck farming

covers more land, limited on crops, sells local and regional

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plantation

specialized production of single tropical/sub crop

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mixed crops/livestock agriculture

diversified agricultural on grains, crops, and livestock

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cereal grains

seed from variety of grasses

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root crops

vegetables grown from the ground

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cash crops

raised as profit, instead of selling to feed people

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peasants

small, low level farmers, relies on family labor

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paddy rice farming

wet rice agriculture on small, level fields with watertight walls

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grain farming

mechanized farming system specializing in cereal grains

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livestock fattening

intensive system of animal feeding

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feedlot

limit movements and associating weight loss to fatten livestock for slaughter

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extensive agricultural

requires little labor, and little money to raise farm successfully

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slash-and-burn agriculture (swidden)

cutting small plots, and burning the cutting to release nutrient in new plot

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rural area

area located outside cities and towns

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agricultural landscape

land where agricultural practices are seen

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farm settlement (farm village)

tight bunch of farms from a few dozen, to a few hundreds

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farmstead

center of farm operations

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dispersed or isolated settlement patterns

families lives far away from one another

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linear settlement pattern

buildings arranged in lines

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survey methods

used by surveyors to create property lines

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metes and bounds

uses natural features to create property lines

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long-lot survey system

divides resources equally

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domestication

process where human breeds, protect, and care for individuals that's been taken out from their distinct species group

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First Agricultural Revolution

early domestication and diffusion of plants and animals that has been part of the development of agriculture

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teosinte

large wild grass in Mexico that produced small corns

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Mesoamerica

cultural region in America that includes diverse civilization of countries as Mexico, Guatemala

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biodiversity

variety of species and ecosystems

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hearth

origin of innovations, or new practice spread/diffusion

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Fertile Crescent

origin/domestication of cereal grains such as wheat, area in Southwest Asia

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Indus River Valley

domestication of plants and animals, area along Indus RIver

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Columbian Exchange

the transfer of plants, animal, culture, and many more btwn America, West Africa, and the Old World in 15-16th centuries

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Second Agricultural Revolution

improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm production

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mechanical reaper

harvest grain mechanically

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agrichmicals

chemical compounds made from petroleum and natural gas used for agriculture

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synthetic fertilizers

Manufactured chemicals that contain nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,, contains concentration of nutrient for plants.

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pesticides

chemicals used to kill/repel animals that can damage crops

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herbicide

chemicals to kill unwanted plants such as weed

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nutrient pollution

overuse of fertilizer, when excess nutrients seep into ground water

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runoff

flow of rain or irrigation water over land

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Green Revolution

the development of high growing seeds that increases the productivity of cereal crops and accompanies technologies to transfer less to developed countries

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double-cropping

planting another crop on the same land the first crop has been on

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multicropping

planting 2-3 crops per year on the same piece of land

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hierarchical diffusion

ideas spread from areas and people

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sorghum

grain plant native to northeast Africa

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endemic

native to a certain environment

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environmental contamination

chemical residue that builds up after using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides

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soil salinization

concentration of dissolved salts in soil

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soil salinity

high soil salinity is from poor irrigation practices; concentration of dissolved salts in soil

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bid-rent theory

demand for land, and the price of land decreasing its distance from central businesses

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central buissness district

cluster of of offices and shops in the center of cities

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large scale commercial operation

large scale farm focusing on the production of agricultural commodities for sale in the market

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monocropping(monoculture)

cultivation of one commercial crop on extensive tracts of land

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family farm

farming operation owned by family that sells products to defined markets