mod. 33-37 vocab

agriculture

planting and harvesting domesticated plants, and raising domesticated animal for food

domesticated plant

a plant that's always planted, protected, cared for, and used by humans

farmers

someone who practices agricultural by growing crops, raising, animals, and sometimes do both

topography

landforms

tropical wet and dry climate

dry season with little to no rain

marine west coast climate

occur along western coast, closer to poles

subsistence agricultural

small farm/garden, family members, and sells locally

shifting cultivation

cultivation of a plot of land, until it becomes less active, when productivity drops, farmers move to land that's been prepared by slash-burn

rural settlement

small group of people living in urban areas

settlement pattern

the way people organizes itself on land

cadastral survey

documentation of property ownership, shape, use, and boundaries

township and range

divides country territories into grid shaped

seed drill

machine for planting seeds in rows

scythe

agricultural hand tool with a curvy blade to cut grains in fields

crossbreeding

mixing diff. species of plants/animals to create hybrids

hybrid

offspring of 2 plants/animals of diff. species

cassava

root vegetable native to South America

capital expenditures

farm things that cost money

agriculture cooperative

organization where farmer get their resources from certain areas such as production

commodity

primary product that can be bought or sold

agribuisness

large cooperation that provides a array of goods and services to support agricultural industry

hinterland

areas of a surrounding city

proprietary seeds

seeds that're developed and owned by a company

export commodity

cash crops that's produced for export to wealthier countries at the expenses of crop production for local consumption

water control land reclamation

draining land using salt water or fresh water for increasing area for agricultural production

aquifier

underground water depositing hundreds of thousands of years ago

aquaculture

cultivation and harvesting of the aquatic organisms while being under controlled conditions

conventional agriculture

farming that is manufactured synthetic inputs, GMO seeds

food deserts

areas that have limited access to fresh and nutritious food

domesticated animal

an animal that is dependent on people for food and shelter, close contact to humans

physical geography

the earth's characteristics on how the earth works, affect human, and how human affects them

nutrients

part of topsoil which is needed for plants to survive, grow, and reproduce

climate

weather pattern of a region

tropical wet climates

has rain everyday of the year

monsoon

reversal of winds with general onshore

monsoon rains

long period of heavy rain every day at the end of a short dry season

arid

dry climate, receive less rain

semiarid (steppe)

dry climate that receive enough rain annually to support farming

moderate climate

average year-around temp. of 75 F. in north and south of equator on edge of tropical climate

humid subtropical climates

long, hot summer
short, mild winter with somewhat precipitation

mediterranean climate

climate w/ winter precipitation, unusual mild winters, clear skies w/ sunshine all along mediterranean sea

continential climate

large range of temp. and moderate precipitation

humid continental climates

experiences all 4 seasons, moderate precipitation
can experience shitty weather whenever

Humid cold climate (subartic)

frigid temp. year around

intensive agricultural

requires more labor and financially required

commercial agriculture

lots of money used on farm, larger farms, sells local, regional, or globally, more workers

market gardening

small scale farming system, selling diverse crops, sells commercial

truck farming

covers more land, limited on crops, sells local and regional

plantation

specialized production of single tropical/sub crop

mixed crops/livestock agriculture

diversified agricultural on grains, crops, and livestock

cereal grains

seed from variety of grasses

root crops

vegetables grown from the ground

cash crops

raised as profit, instead of selling to feed people

peasants

small, low level farmers, relies on family labor

paddy rice farming

wet rice agriculture on small, level fields with watertight walls

grain farming

mechanized farming system specializing in cereal grains

livestock fattening

intensive system of animal feeding

feedlot

limit movements and associating weight loss to fatten livestock for slaughter

extensive agricultural

requires little labor, and little money to raise farm successfully

slash-and-burn agriculture (swidden)

cutting small plots, and burning the cutting to release nutrient in new plot

rural area

area located outside cities and towns

agricultural landscape

land where agricultural practices are seen

farm settlement (farm village)

tight bunch of farms from a few dozen, to a few hundreds

farmstead

center of farm operations

dispersed or isolated settlement patterns

families lives far away from one another

linear settlement pattern

buildings arranged in lines

survey methods

used by surveyors to create property lines

metes and bounds

uses natural features to create property lines

long-lot survey system

divides resources equally

domestication

process where human breeds, protect, and care for individuals that's been taken out from their distinct species group

First Agricultural Revolution

early domestication and diffusion of plants and animals that has been part of the development of agriculture

teosinte

large wild grass in Mexico that produced small corns

Mesoamerica

cultural region in America that includes diverse civilization of countries as Mexico, Guatemala

biodiversity

variety of species and ecosystems

hearth

origin of innovations, or new practice spread/diffusion

Fertile Crescent

origin/domestication of cereal grains such as wheat, area in Southwest Asia

Indus River Valley

domestication of plants and animals, area along Indus RIver

Columbian Exchange

the transfer of plants, animal, culture, and many more btwn America, West Africa, and the Old World in 15-16th centuries

Second Agricultural Revolution

improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm production

mechanical reaper

harvest grain mechanically

agrichmicals

chemical compounds made from petroleum and natural gas used for agriculture

synthetic fertilizers

Manufactured chemicals that contain nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,, contains concentration of nutrient for plants.

pesticides

chemicals used to kill/repel animals that can damage crops

herbicide

chemicals to kill unwanted plants such as weed

nutrient pollution

overuse of fertilizer, when excess nutrients seep into ground water

runoff

flow of rain or irrigation water over land

Green Revolution

the development of high growing seeds that increases the productivity of cereal crops and accompanies technologies to transfer less to developed countries

double-cropping

planting another crop on the same land the first crop has been on

multicropping

planting 2-3 crops per year on the same piece of land

hierarchical diffusion

ideas spread from areas and people

sorghum

grain plant native to northeast Africa

endemic

native to a certain environment

environmental contamination

chemical residue that builds up after using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides

soil salinization

concentration of dissolved salts in soil

soil salinity

high soil salinity is from poor irrigation practices; concentration of dissolved salts in soil

bid-rent theory

demand for land, and the price of land decreasing its distance from central businesses

central buissness district

cluster of of offices and shops in the center of cities

large scale commercial operation

large scale farm focusing on the production of agricultural commodities for sale in the market

monocropping(monoculture)

cultivation of one commercial crop on extensive tracts of land

family farm

farming operation owned by family that sells products to defined markets