World History Unit 6 Vocab

Imperialism

policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries, politically socially, and economically through diplomacy or military force

Nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality and group of people blended by common culture and or history

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) Japan’s imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the treaty of Portsmouth, which granted Taipan Chinese port trading rights, control of Manchuria the annexation of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate

Phrenologists

those versed in the study of the shape of the skull based on the belief that it indicates a person’s mental abilities and character

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection

Social Darwinism

the application of ideas about evolution and survival the fittest of human societies, particularly as a justification for European imperialistic expansion by claiming the African in Asian peoples were biologically inferior to white people

David Livingstone

Scottish missionary and explorer, who discovered the Zambez River + Victoria Falls and worked to end the legal slave trade in sub-Saharan Africa

East India Company (EIC)

a joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

a company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish indirect trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England’s company. They drove and established dominance over the spice trade in Southeast Asia. It ended up becoming corrupt in plus in debt so the government took control of the company’s possessions in 1799

Quinine

drug that treats malaria

Suez Canal

connected the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea; built by unpaid Egyptian workers

Corvee Labor

unpaid force labor as a method of taxation

Settler colony

replace the original population with settlers

Scramble for Africa

competing efforts of Europeans to colonize Africa

Berlin Conference

meaning of European powers to provide for the orderly colonization of Africa; no Africans were there

Afrikaners

descendants of Dutch settlers in Africa

Boer Wars

fighting between the British and Afrikaners over land. very bloody and brutal

Concentration Camps

settlements established by the British and Africa that were separated by race. Often had poor living conditions

King Lepold II

oversaw the invasion and pacification of the Congo in central Africa in order to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion; owned the colony personally at first

Seven Years’ War

AKA French and Indian war; global conflict which France lost to Britain. ;France was driven out of India.

Spheres of Influence

areas of China, where Europe had exclusive trading rights and access to resources

Taiping Rebellion

attempt to overthrow the Qing dynasty; weakened China

Cixi

empress who ordered/encourage the boxer rebellion and wanted all foreigners killed

Boxer Rebellion

boxers killed 100,000 people mainly Chinese Christians and some foreigners. Targeted missionaries as well. Boxers were skilled in martial arts.

Penal Colony

colony established for punishment of criminals by forced labor and isolation

Treaty of Waitangi

guaranteed that the rights of original Māori inhabitants would be protected by the British

Trail of Tears

path to Indian territory where many natives died from exposure, starvation disease, etc.

Monroe Doctrine

stated that Europe should not interfere with the west

Manifest Destiny

United States natural given right to expand to the pacific

Spanish-American War

brought Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines under US control

Roosevelt Corollary

stated that if countries in Latin America demonstrated instability, the US would intervene

Great Game

rivalry between Russia and British empires as they competed for dominance in Afghanistan

Proclamation of 1763

established a boundary line along the Appalachian Mountains, prohibiting American colonists from settling west to appease Native American tribes

Indian Removal Act

authorized the federal government to negotiate treaties for the exchange of Native American lands in the East for, primarily, territory in present-day Oklahoma

Ghost Dance

profit dreamers among the northern paiute Indians that tried to call the spirits of past warrior to inspire the young brave to fight and drive the white settlers out of the native Americans land. It was crushed at the battle of wounded knee after spreading to the Dakota sioux

Tupac Amaru II

member of Inca aristocracy and a descendent of the final Inca ruler, Tupac Amaru. Led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780 to 1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family in March 1781.

Sepoys

Indian troops who serve the British army

Indian Rebellion of 1857

the revolt against the British by many groups across India in 1857 but led particularly by some of the disgruntled Indian soldiers working for the British mainly due to suspicions that cow and pig fat were being used as grease for rifle cartridges. It caused the British to take more direct control of India from the British east India company

Raj

British rule after India came under the British crown under the reign of Queen Victoria. This is the colonial government of India from 1858 to 1947 that directly took orders from the government of Great Britain.

Indian National Congress

group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800s to gain greater democracy and eventually self rule rather than British rule; first organization based in Indian nationalism

Jose Rizal

filipino revolutionary leader who fought for sovereignty from the Spanish by starting the Liga Filipino or the Filipino league in 1892. Rizal was arrested and executed by Spain out of fear in 1896

Philippine Revolution

(1899-1902) rebels in Philippine spot US troops for three years trying to achieve independence but failed. US gave them independence after world war two ended in 1946

Treaty of Paris

treaty that ended the Spanish American war and put the Philippines under American control but started the Filipino American war

Philippine American War

by the time the treaty of Paris was ratified in 1899 hostilities had broken out and what is known as this war. It ended in US victory in 1902. Organized resistance continued until 1906 but the Philippines remained a US possession until 1946

Māori Wars

natives of New Zealand fighting the British after colonist became more populated and moved more inland, violating the treaty of waitangi

Pan-Africanism

The unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries, bonded by the common goals of independence

Usman dan Fodio

scholar who inspired resistance against corruption in European control, began on Islamic revival in northern Nigeria by creating the Sokoto Caliphate in the town of Sokoto. Died in 1817

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

A vision that if the Xhosa killed the cattle, then their ancestors would kill the British invaders and crops so that the invaders would get out; however, it didn’t work and resulted in famine and countless Xhosa deaths

Anglo-Zulu War

war between the British empire and the Zulu Kingdom. From complex beginnings, the war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of colonialism in the region. The war ended the Zulu nation’s independence, and the region became a British colony, despite the initial victory of the Zulu.

Samory Toure

leader of Manlinke people in West Africa, who formed an army that fought against French troops for 15 years and proclaimed himself king of Guinea. He extended his kingdom until the 1800s. he fought them again in 1891, but lost again, and after trying to retake the Ivory Coast, the French captured and exiled him in 1898

Muhammad Ahmad

A Sudanese man who announced he was the Mahdi, setting of resistance to British expansion in northern Africa

Yaa Asantewaa

Queen of the Asantes that led the fight against the British in the last Asante war, took power after the king was exiled

Cecil Rhodes

Founder of De Beers diamonds, and wanted to stretch a railroad from Cairo, Egypt to Capetown, in the colony of South Africa, but failed due to British, not owning the land

Cash Crops

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower

Guano

bat and sea bird droppings that made a nutrient rich fertilizer

Export Economies

goods produced in a region that were not meant for domestic consumption

Palm Oil

originated from West Africa, and was in demand because it was used to lubricate machinery (also used for candles)

De Beers Mining Company

Diamond mining company found Cecil Rhodes

Apartheid

A policy of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race

Monocultures

The uniform planting of a single crop over a large area

Economic Imperialism

Control of a countries economy by the businesses of another nation

East India Company

A British trading company that set up trading post colonies in India

Culture System

what system that the Dutch created where people had to choose either growing cash crops or Corvee labor

Opium War

A conflict between Britain and China over Britain’s opium trade in China

Treaty of Nanking

treaty that ended the first. Required China to open 4 additional ports to foreigners, cede the island of Hong Kong to Britain, and pay damages. It also forced the Chinese to allow free trade, which the British took to include trade and opium

Spheres of influence

Region dominated and controlled by an outside power

Gold Coast

Southern coast of West Africa name for its gold exports to Europe

Banana Republics

A politically unstable country with an economy dependent upon the exportation of a limited resource product

Indentured Servants

Immigrants who receive passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor

Contract Labor

workers sign up for an extended period of time. mainly utilized after the abolishment of slavery

Devil’s Island

A notorious French Penal colony in French Guiana. Infamous for its brutal conditions where prisoners suffered doing hard labor, and were under fed.

Diaspora

Dispersion of people from their homeland and another country

Emigrate

Leave a country

Immigrate

Go to a country

Great famine

The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grew dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple

Colonial Service

System of workers being pressured to work out of intimidation/exploitation from a stronger community to a weaker one

Colonization Society

Created in Japan, in order to gain more power by colonizing foreign nations like Peru and Mexico

Ethnic Enclaves

Coster or neighborhood of people from the same foreign country. Formed in many major cities of the world

Mohandas Ghandi

arrived in Pretoria, South Africa in 1893 where he intended to practice law but then became an activist after receiving racial discrimination

Kangani System

entire families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, and rubber plantations in Ceylon, Burma, and Malaya for this system

White collar

Second generation, Irish could become; jobs not requiring physical labor

Blue collar

A second generation Irish could be this; someone who performs manual labor, often and max manufacturing jobs and earn hourly wages

Chinese Exclusion Act

US Congress banded further Chinese immigration by passage of this act (1882)

Porfirio Diaz

This Mexican president, promoted immigration as well as development, especially in the northern area, bordering the US

Chinese Immigration Act

Australian province of Victoria passed this act that limited the number of Chinese who could come ashore from each ship (1855)

Chinese Immigration Regulation and Restriction Act

New South Wales legislative council passed this; it was eventually repealed in 1867; an attempt to restrict the number of Chinese immigrants from entering the colony

Chinatowns

Chinese Enclaves that developed in cities across Australia

White Australia Policy

Parliament passed this to limit non-British immigration and remained into effect until the mid 1970s