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What are two evolutionary reasons for males being aggressive?
Males behave aggressively to secure status. (females choose men who offer protection and resources)
Males egress “jealousy" (to enure paternity)
Why are attitudes important?
They evaluate what they encounter and they form attitudes.
Cognitively Based Attitudes
Thoughts and Feelings
-An attitude based primarily on people’s beliefs about the properties of an attitude object
-Sometimes our attitudes are based primarily on the relevant facts
Do twins share similar attitude?
Identical twins share more than fraternal
Behaviorally Based Attitudes
Actions or Observable Behaviors
An attitude based on observations of how one behaves toward an attitude object
Affectively Based Attitudes
Emotional Reaction
An attitude based more on people’s feelings and values than on theur beliefs about the nature of an attitude object
What is a sensory reaction?
A reaction of one or more senses. (liking the tase of something)
Operant conditioning
Freely chosen behaviors increase or decrease when followed by reinforcement or punishment; A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.
Classical conditioning
A stimulus that elicits an emotional response is paired with a neutral stimulus
Explicit attitudes
Attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report
Implicit attitudes
Attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable, and at times unconscious
Ice Bucket Challange
In 2014, this challenge exploded on the media, capitalizing on processes related to conformity to raise amounts of money in the battle against ALS.
US Attitudes toward conformity
Stressed the importance of not conforming
Celebrates the rugged individualist
Two motivations to conform
See others as a source of information to guide our behavior
Believe that other’s interpretation of the ambiguous situation is more correct that ours and will help us choose an appropriate course of action
Normative social influence
Conform in order to be liked and accepted by others
Results in public compliance with the group’s beliefs and behaviors
Not necessarily private acceptance of those beliefs and behaviors
Informational social influence
A psychological phenomenon where people conform to the opinions or behaviors of others because they believe those others possess accurate information
Autokinetic effect
An illusion of your eyes when a stationary light seems to move in a dark place
Conformity
What does informational social influence often lead to?
Sherif’s experiment
Private acceptance
What constitutes a group an how a group is defined?
Two or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other
Deindividuation
The loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people cannot be differentiated, leading to an increase in impulsive ad deviant acts
Social norms
The implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members
Internet troll
a modern example of deindividuation, made possible by the feelings of anonymity of online presence
Agressivness
Intentional behavior aimed at causing physical harm of psychological pain to another person
Hostile agression
Agression stemming from feelings of angers and aimed at inflicting pain or injury
Instrumental agression
A goal not intended for pain
Do opposites attract
Yes, research supports similarity, not complementary
Propinquity
Proximity, the finding that the more we see and interact with people, the most likely they are to become our friends
41%
What percentage of next-door neighbors indicated that they were close friends
22%
What percentage of those who lived two doors apart were friends
10%
What percentage of those who lived on opposite sides of the hall were close friends
Functional distance
Certain aspects of architectural design that make it more likely that some people will come into contact with each other more than with others
Mere exposure effect
The finding that the more exposure we have to stimulus the more likely we are to like it
Assertivness
Communicating in a direct and honest way with no intention of being rude
Agression
Has intentions to hurt
Reciprocal liking
People who we like and get to know become familiar
When they are looking for sexual partners
When physical attraction is considered most desirable
Resources
Women are attracted by mens …
Appearance
Men are attracted by womens …
Halo effect
A cognitive bias by which we tend to assume that an individual with one positive characteristic also possesses other positive characteristics
Signs
Observation made by a clinician (objective) learned directly or through tests
Symptoms
Patients description of his/her problems
26.2%
Percentage of us population that will qualify for a diagnosable disorder
Deinstitutionalization
A movement to reduce number of patients in psychiatric facilities, moving them into community health centers to reduce dependency, hopelessness and other maladaptive behaviors
Social stigma, lack of access, financial limitations
Why people don’t seek psychiatric help
90%
Percentage of suicides linked to depression
No, there is only bipolar one and two
Is there a manic only disorder?
Anxiety
A feeling of worry, nervousness, or fear that can be mild or severe
