SAS 8 SATURATED HYDROCARBONS

Organic chemistry

• studies the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds, which contain carbon in covalent bonding

• studies the structure that determines their chemical composition and formula

Saturated Hydrocarbons

• simplest type of organic compound

Saturated

meaning each carbon atom is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms

Carbon 

• building units of all structures in all living matter 

Organic Compounds

• Chemical basis for life itself 

Inorganic

• obtained from mineral constituents of earth

• don’t dissolve in water

• dissolve in organic solvents

• low melting points

• decompose on heating

• inflammable

• covalent

• non-electrolytes

Organic

• Obtained from living organisms

• Dissolve in water 

• Doesn’t dissolve in organic solvents 

• high melting points 

• doesn’t decompose on heat

• non-inflammable 

• ionic

• electrolytes

Carbonn

• chemical basis of life 

• king of all elements 

• contains 4 binding sites for other atoms to attach 

• covalence 

• valence : 4

• group 4, period 2 

• atomic no. 6 

Cycloalkane

CNH2N

Alkane

CNH2N+2

Chemical Formula

• set of chemical symbols showing the elements present in a compound and their relative proportions, and in some cases the structure of the compound 

• it can be represented as MOLECULAR OR STRUCTURAL FORMULA 

Molecular Formula

• giving the number of atoms of each element present

• ex: H20, CH4, C₂H₆O

Structural Formula

• Structural representation that shows how various atoms in a molecule are bounded to each other

• it can be represented as 2D or 3D

expanded, condensed, skeletal, line angle 

4 types of 2D structure

Expanded Structure

• occupies a lot of space 

Condensed Structure 

• shorthand method 

• ex: CH4 (methane)

Skeletal Structure

• shows arrangement of bonding carbon atoms but doesn’t show the hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms

• ex: C-C-C-C-C-C

Line angle structure

• line represents a carbon carbon ; present at the very point where 2 line meet 

dash wedge, ball and stick, space filling 

3 types of 3D structure 

dash wedge Model

• dash for receding behind the page, wedges coming out of the page, solid lines in the plane of the page 

Ball and Stick Model

• emphasizes the bonds and shows the tetrahedral arrangement 

Space Filling Model

• emphasizes the overall shape of the molecule and shows the tetrahedral arrangement

Pure Hydrocarbons 

• compounds that contain only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms 

Hydrocarbon Derivatives

• compound that contains carbon and hydrogen and one or more additional elements ( P, N, S , F, Cl, etc. )

Substituents

• an atom or group of atoms attached to a chain or a king of carbon atoms ; general term as attachments

Halogenated alkanes

• is an alkane derivative in which one or more halogen atoms are present 

-ANE

Alkane

Ene

alkene

Yne

alkyne 

OH

alcohol

ROR

ether

RCHO

aldehyde

RCOR

ketone 

C-OOH 

carboxylic acid 

R-COO-R

ester 

RCONH2

Amide

NH2

amine

R-X (X: Br, Cl, F, I, At)

haloalkane or alkyl halide

SH

thiol

C≡N

nitrile