human geo unit 4

Open Boundary

a boundary where crossing is unimpeded

Controlled Boundary

a boundary where crossing is regulated and monitored

Operational Boundary

conflict over how a boundary should function

Original State

a political unit with a permanent population

Nation

a group of people with shared culture

Nation-State

a country whose population has a high degree of cultural homogeneity and unity

Multinational State

a state containing more than one nation

Stateless Nation

a group with a common political identity that lacks its own sovereign state

Multi-state Nation

a nation living in more than one contiguous state

Autonomous Region

an area with a high degree of self-government within a state

Semi-Autonomous Region

an area that governs itself to a degree but lacks full authority

Exclave

a territory separated from the main state by one or more countries

Enclave

a state or territory completely surrounded by another state

Authoritarian

a government with strong central power and limited freedoms

Republic

a government where people elect representatives to govern

Neo-Colonialism

indirect economic or political control of developing countries

Shatterbelt

a region of instability between opposing cultural or ideological areas

Balkanization

the breakup of a state due to ethnic conflict

Choke Point

a narrow passage that controls movement and trade

Strait of Hormuz

a narrow waterway connecting the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman

Strait of Malacca

a key trade route connecting the Indian and Pacific Oceans

Territoriality

a group’s connection to and desire to control land

Boundary

a vertical plane dividing states through land

Definition

legal description of a boundary using landmarks

Delimitation

drawing a boundary line on a map

Demarcation

physically marking a boundary on the landscape

Administration

managing and maintaining a boundary

Natural Boundary

a boundary following physical features like rivers or mountains

Geometric Boundary

a straight-line boundary drawn without cultural or physical regard

Antecedent Boundary

a boundary established before large population settlement

Subsequent Boundary

a boundary drawn to accommodate cultural differences

Superimposed Boundary

a boundary imposed without regard for existing cultures

Relic Boundary

a former boundary still visible in the landscape

Partition of India

the 1947 division of India and Pakistan causing conflict and migration

Militarized Boundary

a heavily guarded boundary discouraging movement

Demilitarized Zone

a buffer zone separating opposing military forces

Schengen Agreement

an agreement allowing passport-free travel between European countries

Definitional Boundary Dispute

conflict over wording in a boundary treaty

Locational Boundary Dispute

conflict over interpretation of a boundary’s location

Allocational Boundary Dispute

conflict over resources along a boundary

Boundary Disputes

conflicts over borders and how they function

Political Boundary

a boundary separating countries

UNCLOS

international law defining maritime boundaries and rights

Territorial Sea

12 nautical miles of coastal sovereignty

Contiguous Zone

12 additional nautical miles for law enforcement

Exclusive Economic Zone

200 nautical mile zone for economic control

International Waters

waters beyond national jurisdiction

Median Line Principle

splitting maritime zones equally between states

South China Sea Conflict

disputes over maritime claims and artificial islands

Nine-Dash Line

China’s historical claim in the South China Sea

Spratly Islands

disputed islands in the South China Sea

Apportionment

distribution of representatives based on population

Reapportionment

reassignment of representation after the census

Redistricting

redrawing voting districts to reflect population changes

Gerrymandering

manipulating district boundaries for political gain

Census

an official population count conducted every ten years

Unitary Government

a centralized government with one authority

Federal Government

power shared between central and regional governments

Devolution

transfer of power from central to regional governments

Irredentism

a state seeking to annex ethnically similar territory

Centripetal Forces

forces that unite a country

Centrifugal Forces

forces that divide a country

Sovereignty

a state’s ability to govern independently

Culture Region

an area sharing cultural traits

Kurds

an ethnic group in Southwest Asia without a sovereign state

Imperialism

extending power through diplomacy or military force

Berlin Conference

a meeting dividing Africa among European powers

Schengen Zone

European area allowing free movement across borders

Scales of Analysis

global regional national local

House of Representatives Seats

435 seats in the US House

Yugoslavia

a former state that fragmented due to ethnic conflict

Nunavut

a Canadian territory governed by the Inuit

Supranational Organization

cooperation among multiple nation-states

European Union

an organization promoting cooperation among European countries

Decolonization

the collapse of colonial empires and independence of colonies