OB Lecture Exam 1

ch. 4 (assessment and health promotion), ch. 12 (conception and fetal development)

ch. 4 - what are the functions of the uterus?

contraction during labor, menstrual bleeding, & location of sperm cells

ch. 4 - at the end of the menstrual cycle, what low levels of hormones stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH?

estrogen and progesterone

ch. 4 - a marked surge in what hormone precedes the release of the ovum from the Graafian follicle?

LH (day 13-14 of a 28-day cycle)

ch. 4 - what happens if fertilization and implantation does not occur?

progesterone and estrogen levels drop, menstruation, & hypothalamus secretes GnRH

ch. 4 - menstrual phase (endometrial cycle)

shedding of the endometrium (1-5 days)

ch. 4 - proliferative phase (endometrial cycle)

building of the endometrium under the influence estrogen; “the builder”

ch. 4 - secretory phase (endometrial cycle)

marked swelling and growth due to progesterone; “the maintainer”

ch. 4 - ischemic phase (endometrial cycle)

blood supply to endometrium is blocked and necrosis occurs

ch. 4 - what are two possible things that occur at the end of the endometrial cycle?

menses or pregnancy

ch. 4 - follicular phase (ovarian cycle)

days 1-14 (can vary in length)ch

ch. 4 - ovulation (ovarian cycle)

occurs on day 14 in length of cycle, midcycle bleeding, mittelschmerz, & thin cervical mucus

ch. 4 - luteal phase (ovarian cycle)

days 15-28 ends with onset of menses

ch. 12 - conception

one egg and one sperm join, starting pregnancy; creates a cell with 46 chromosomes

ch. 12 - mitosis

how body cells grow, repair, and replace themselves; creates two identical cells

ch. 12 - meiosis

how sex cells are made; it cuts the number of chromosomes in half, from 46 to 23

ch. 12 - oogenesis

the process of making eggs; it starts before birth

ch. 12 - spermatogenesis

the process in males where sperm cells grow and mature into sperm

ch. 12 - scrotum

each part (two parts) holds a testis, an epididymis, and part of the spermatic cordc

ch. 12 - testes

the main male reproductive organs; they make testosterone and produce sperm

ch. 12 - epididymis

on the back of each testis; carries sperm from the testes to the vas deferens

ch. 12 - ductus (vans) deferens

a tube that continues from the epididymis and carries sperm to the ejaculatory ducts

ch. 12 - ejaculatory ducts

carry sperm into the urethra and add fluids from the prostate to help sperm work properly

ch. 12 - seminal vesicle

responsible for producing most of the components that make up semen

ch. 12 - prostate

it makes fluid that mixes with sperm and other fluids to form semen

ch. 12 - urethra

runs from the bladder to the penis; it carries semen and sperm out of the body during sex

ch. 12 - how long is ova fertile?

12-24 hours

ch. 12 - how long does sperm survive for?

24-72 hours

ch. 12 - capacitation

the process that makes sperm able to fertilize an egg after entering the female body

ch. 12 - acrosome reaction

when the tip of the sperm releases enzymes to break through the outer layer of the egg

ch. 12 - the process of fertilization

blastomere is divided: embryoblast (becomes baby) and trophoblast (becomes placenta)

ch. 12 - pre-embryonic

days 1-14

ch. 12 - embryo

the stage from the 2nd or 3rd week after fertilization up to the 8th week

ch. 12 - fetus

9th week until 40th week

ch. 12 - what is the order of embryonic development?

cellular multiplication, cellular differentiation, and development of organ systems

ch. 12 - ectoderm (top layer)

makes skin, glands, hair, and nails

ch. 12 - mesoderm (middle layer)

forms bones, teeth, and muscles

ch. 12 - endoderm (bottom layer)

becomes the lining of the lungs and digestive system

ch. 12 - what are the two membranes that surround the fetus?

chorion and amnion

ch. 12 - chorion

outer membrane that comes from trophoblast; the first layer reached during amniotomy

ch. 12 - amnion

the inner membrane that forms from the blastocyst and is closest to the baby

ch. 12 - what are the functions of the amniotic fluid?

maintain temperature, protects fetus, and medium for movement

ch. 12 - what are the functions of the placenta?

endocrine gland function, metabolic functions, and adequate circulation

ch. 12 - fetal maturation

the baby is called a fetus from 9 weeks to the end of pregnancy

ch. 12 - viability

the point when a baby can survive outside the wombc

ch. 12 - what is viability age in Texas?

20 weeks or 350 grams

ch. 12 - placental blood circulation is blood that flows between the mother and baby. the umbilical cord contains how many vessels and what kinds?

3 vessels; AVA = artery, vein, artery

ch. 12 - what three shunts does fetal circulation use to move blood?

ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus

ch. 12 - ductus venosus

sends blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava

ch. 12 - foramen ovale

lets blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium

ch. 12 - ductus arteriosus

connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, skipping the lungs

ch. 12 - dizygotic (fraternal) twins

2 eggs + 2 sperm, 2 placentas, and 2 amnions and 2 chorions

ch. 12 - monozygotic (identical) twins

1 egg + 1 sperm, share 1 placenta, and may have 1 or 2 amnions/chorions

ch. 12 - what infectious agents can cross the placenta?

rubella, cytomegalovirus, T. gondii (toxoplasmosis), and T. pallidum (syphilis)