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Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass
Matter
Rocks, metals, oils, gases, organisms, etc, are all forms of _______
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions
92
___ elements occur in nature
Compound
A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
Compound
H2O or NaCl are examples of a _________
Essential elements
Of the 92 naturally occurring elements 20-25% are essential to survive and reproduce.
CHOPN
Make up 96% of living matter
Trace elements
Of the 92 naturally occurring elements, these are required by an organism in very small quantities
Atomic number
Number of protons
Atomic mass
Number of protons and neutrons
Group
Elements in the same vertical column have the same number of valence electrons
Period
Elements in the same horizontal row gave the same total number of electron shells
Stable
Éléments want to be _______
Stable
Elements become _______ by forming chemical bonds with other elements
Octet rule
Elements will gain, lose, or share electrons to complete their valence shell and become stable (like noble gases)
Valence shell
Outermost layer of electrons in an atom
Chemical bonds
An attraction between two atoms, resulting from the sharing or transferring of valence electrons
Electronegativity
The measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons itself
increases
Electronegativity __________ ———————>
Decreases
Electronegativity _________ ⬇
Covalent bonds
When two or more atoms share electrons (usually between two nonmetals) and form molecules and compounds
Single bond
One pair of shared e-
Double bond
2 pairs of shared e-
Triple bond
3 pairs of shared e-
Nonpolar, polar
There are two types of covalent bonds: _______ covalent and _______ covalent
Nonpolar covalent
Electrons are shared equally between two atoms
Polar covalent
Electrons are not shared equally between two atoms
Nonpolar covalent
O2 is an example of a ________ _______ bond
Polar covalent
H2O is an example of a ______ ______ bond
Ionic bonds
The attraction between oppositely charged atoms (ions)
Ionic bonds
Usually between a metal and a nonmetal (metal transfers electrons to nonmetal)
Forms ionic compounds and salts
Ionic bonds
Occurs when there is a transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom forming ions
Cation
Positively charged ion
Anion
Negatively charged ion
Hydrogen bonds
The partially positive hydrogen atom in one polar covalent molecule will be attracted to an electronegative atom in another polar covalent molecule
Intermolecular bond
Bond that forms between molecules
Electronegative atom
When a hydrogen atom is being bonded to an _________ _____ (usually O, N, or F) the electrons are not being shared equally between atoms (remember is is a polar covalent bond)
This causes the hydrogen atom to have a partial positive charge and the electronegative atom to have a partial negative charge
Note 
Flashcard (52)