Neuroanatomy HW 2

Large-diameter, myelinated axons transmit information ______ and are _________________ susceptible to spontaneous action potentials (noise) than small-diameter, unmyelinated axons.

More quickly, less

At rest, the neuron has a [positive/negative] charge relative to its surroundings.

negative

The magnitude of an action potential depends on the strength of excitatory inputs

FALSE (As long as there is sufficient depolarization to result in an action potential, it will have the same magnitude regardless of input strength.)

What is the key ion involved in the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal into the synaptic cleft?

Calcium

Mechanism for ionotropic receptor

Ionic event

Effect on membrane potential for ionotropic receptor

Direct

Speed of effect; ionotropic

fast

Inhibitory or excitatory; ionotropic

either

Mechanism for metabotropic receptor

single cascade

Effect on membrane potential for metabotropic receptor

indirect

Speed of effect; metabotropic

slow

Inhibitory or excitatory; metabotropic

either

Main NT at neuromuscular junction; released onto organs by parasympathetic neurons

ACh

Most common excitatory NT

glutamate

Most common inhibitory NT

GABA

Main NT released onto organs by sympathetic neurons

Norepinephrine

Name three monoamine neurotransmitters

Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine

List the levels of the spinal cord (cervical, lumbar, sacral, thoracic) from rostral to caudal:

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Sensory nerve roots enter the _____ side of the spinal cord.

posterior/dorsal

Motor nerve roots exit the ___ side of the spinal cord.

anterior/ventral

Gastrointestinal function

enteric

Involuntary efferent function

autonomic

Somatosensory and voluntary motor function below the neck

spinal

Sensory, voluntary motor, and involuntary functions of the head and neck

cranial

The cerebral hemispheres are separated by the

sagittal fissure

The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the

central sulcus

The temporal and frontal lobes are separated by the

Sylvian fissure

The occipital and parietal lobes are separated by

parieto-occipital sulcus

 The ___ is a cortical area buried within the Sylvian fissure, underneath the ___ of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.

Insula, opercula

The ____ is the largest white matter structure that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The ___ is a smaller white matter structure that connects the left and right temporal lobes specifically.

corpus callosum, anterior commissure

Sensory and motor surfaces are typically mapped to [ipsilateral/contralateral] areas of cortex.

contralateral

Name a sensory modality in which information is mapped onto both contralateral and ipsilateral areas of cortex

auditory

Primary somatosensory and motor cortices are organized in a ____ manner, meaning that adjacent areas of the body are mapped onto adjacent areas of cortex.

somatotopic

Primary visual cortex is organized in a ____ manner, meaning that adjacent areas of the _____ are mapped onto adjacent areas of cortex.

retinotopic, visual field

Primary auditory cortex is organized in a ____ manner, meaning that adjacent areas of the ____ are mapped onto adjacent areas of cortex.

tonotopic, cochlea

Name two structures/sets of structures that regulate motor function and behavior via feedback loops with motor cortex:

basal ganglia and cerebellum

The ____ regulate choosing, starting, and stopping actions, while the ____ regulates the smooth coordination and timing of actions.

basal ganglia, cerebellum