Conditioning

Cognitive

Cognitive

focuses on internal mental processes

Behavioral

focuses on observable & measurable behavior

Reflexive Responses

The only type of behavior created by classical conditioning

Acquisition

Initial Learning is known as

Unconditioned Stimulus

Causes Response Naturally

Unconditioned Response

Always occurs when unconditioned stimulus is present

Conditioned Stimulus

Neutral Stimulus

Conditioned Response

Learned Behavior

John Watson

“Father of Behaviorism”

Habituation

Learning not to respond to a repeated stimulus

Extinction

term for the loss of behavior when the US and CS are no longer paired

Spontaneous Recovery

After the behavior disappeared it may suddenly reappear sometime later, this is known as

Stimulus Discrimination

when a subject transfers what has been learned in response to one stimuli onto another stimuli

Aversion Stimulus

a stimulus that the subject tries to avoid

Experimental Neurosis

confusion that results in irritability & defensiveness

Counter-conditioning

pair pleasant stimulus with feared stimulus

Systematic Desensitization

a person is taught relaxation techniques & then exposed gradually to the fearful stimulus

Taste Aversion Theory

Food that produces sickness will be avoided

John Garcia

_____ used sheep and coyotes in an experiment to prove taste aversion

Operant Conditioning

Learning from the consequences of actions

Shaping

the behavior is built by reinforcing each step

Increase; Decrease

Rewards________ the likelihood of a behavior whereas

Punishments _____ the likelihood of a behavior

B.F Skinner

Who founded operant conditioning

Reinforcer

Any stimulus that INCREASES the chances of a preceding behavior

Positive Reinforcement

increase frequency of the behavior they follow when applied

Negative Reinforcement

increase the frequency of the behavior when they are removed

Primary Reinforcer

FULFILL BASIC BIOLOGICAL NEEDS ex. FOOD, WATER, SEX

Secondary Reinforcer

REINFORCERS THAT HAVE MEANING DUE TO THEIR CONNECTION TO PRIMARY REINFORCERS

Premack Principle

OPPORTUNITY TO PERFORM A DESIRED ACTIVITY CAN BE USED TO REINFORCE THE PERFORMANCE OF A LESS DESIRED ACTIVITY

Positive Punishment

APPLICATION OF AN AVERSION STIMULI

Negative Punishment

REMOVAL OF A DESIRABLE STIMULUS

Continuous

What is the best frequency of reinforcement

Fixed Ratio

• reinforcement will be given after a set number of times the behavior has been done

Variable Ratio

• reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of times

Variable Interval

• the reinforcement is only given after a set amount of time has passed

Overjustification Effect

REWARDS CAN DAMPEN INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Latent Learning

Learning that happens without reinforcement

Insight Learning

“a-ha” moment when suddenly a problem is solved