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What are the main characteristics of life-span development?
1. Lifelong: Development continues from birth to death.
2. Multidimensional: Involves physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes.
3. Multidirectional: Some abilities improve, others decline.
4. Plasticity: Development can be shaped and is flexible.
5. Contextual: Influenced by family, culture, and historical contexts.
6. Multidisciplinary: Involves various fields like psychology, biology, and sociology.
7. Growth, Maintenance, and Regulation: Involves not just growth but also maintaining abilities and managing decline.
8. Multiple Influences: Affected by biological, psychological, and social factors.
What are the three main domains of development?
Physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional (psychosocial).
-Physical Development: Changes in the body, such as growth, motor skills, and health.
-Cognitive Development: Changes in thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making.
Socio-emotional Development: Changes in emotions, personality, and social skills and relationships.
What are the main stages of the human life cycle?
Infancy: Birth to around 2 years, rapid growth and development.
2. Childhood: 2 to 12 years, continued physical and cognitive development.
3. Adolescence: 12 to 18 years, puberty and development of identity.
4. Adulthood: 18 to around 65 years, career, family, and personal growth.
5. Old Age: 65 years and older, reflection on life, and dealing with aging.
What distinguishes normative experiences from non-normative experiences?
-Normative Experiences: Common events most people experience, like starting school or retirement.
-Non-Normative Experiences: Unique events that don't follow a predictable pattern, like winning the lottery or losing a parent young.
What is the difference between cohort and generational experiences?
Cohort Experiences: Shared events for people born around the same time, like historical events and societal changes. ex: COVID-19
Generational Experiences: Broader cultural and social influences shaping a generation's attitudes and behaviors, like the impact of digital technology on Millennials and Gen Z.
-Risk factors increase the likelihood of negative outcomes like poverty, exposure to violence, and family instability.
-Protective factors promote well-being and positive development like supportive family, strong social networks, and access to education.
what does it mean to be trauma-informed?
A trauma-informed approach recognizes the impact of trauma on individuals and promotes healing and recovery
What does it mean to be Resilience and strengths-based?
Resilience: This refers to the ability to recover and bounce back from adversity.
Strengths-Based Approach: Focuses on clients' strengths and resources, not just problems. Social workers help clients recognize and use their abilities, empowering them to take control and build on their strengths.
What is the Biopsychosocial-spiritual model?
The Biopsychosocial-Spiritual model in social work considers the complex interplay between biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors in understanding and addressing client issues.
Main authors and the ideas behind the theory
Sigmund Freud: Founder of psychoanalysis(psychoanalytical), which focuses on the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and defense mechanisms. Key concepts include the id, ego, and superego, as well as psychosexual stages of development.
Behavioral- B.F. Skinner: Known for operant conditioning, which emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior. - John B. Watson: Promoted classical conditioning, which involves learning through association, famously demonstrated in the Little Albert experiment.
Cognitive - Jean Piaget: Developed a theory of cognitive development, outlining stages such as sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
Humanistic - Carl Rogers: Developed the person-centered approach, emphasizing empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness. - Abraham Maslow: Proposed the Hierarchy of Needs, highlighting the importance of self-actualization and the fulfillment of human potential.
Ecological - Urie Bronfenbrenner: Introduced the Ecological Systems Theory, which examines how different environmental systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem) influence human development.
Biological - Charles Darwin: Known for the theory of evolution, which has implications for understanding behavior through natural selection and adaptation.
What are the developmental stages according to Freud, Erikson, and Piaget?
Freudian Stages Oral (0-1 year): Pleasure from mouth activities.
2. Anal (1-3 years): Pleasure from controlling bowel and bladder.
3. Phallic (3-6 years): Focus on genitals, coping with feelings.
4. Latency (6-puberty): Dormant sexual feelings, focus on hobbies.
5. Genital (puberty onward): Maturation of sexual interests.
Erikson’s Stages 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year): Developing trust.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3 years): Developing independence.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years): Initiating activities.
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years): Mastering skills.
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years): Developing self-identity.
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood): Forming relationships.
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood): Contributing to society.
8. Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood): Reflecting on life.
Piaget’s Stages
1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Experiencing the world through senses.
2. Preoperational (2-7 years): Using words and images; egocentric.
3. Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Logical thinking about concrete events.
4. Formal Operational (12+ years): Abstract and logical thinking.
Genes, chromosomes, genotype vs. phenotype
-Chromosomes are threadlike structures made of DNA, which contains genetic code. -Genes are units of hereditary information composed of DNA.
-Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual
-phenotype refers to the observable characteristics like weight and curly hair.
Epigenetics, gene-environment interaction, nature-nurture
-The nature-nurture debate explores the relative contributions of genetics and environment to development. It examines how both inherited traits and experiences shape individual behavior and characteristics.
-Gene-environment interaction means both your genes and your environment influence your traits. Examples: 1. Height: Genes set potential; nutrition helps achieve it. 2. Skin Color: Genes determine base color; sun exposure darkens it. 3. Mental Health: Genes predispose; life events influence outcomes. 4. Weight: Genes affect metabolism; diet and exercise are crucial.
Epigenetics is about how your environment and behaviors can change how your genes work without changing the DNA itself. Key Points: 1. Gene Control: It can turn genes on or off. 2. Influences: Things like diet, stress, and toxins can cause these changes. 3. Reversible: These changes can sometimes be undone.
What is genetic research?
Genetic research involves studying genes and DNA to understand how they affect health, traits, and behaviors.
Key Areas: 1. Gene Mapping: Identifying where genes are located on chromosomes. 2. Gene Function: Understanding what specific genes do. 3. Genetic Disorders: Investigating how genetic mutations cause diseases. 4. Gene Therapy: Developing treatments that alter genes to cure diseases. 5. Personalized Medicine: Using genetic information to tailor medical treatments to individuals.
Brain hemispheres, cortex (4 lobes) & limbic system, CNS?
Brain Hemispheres:
- Left: Logical tasks, language.
- Right: Creativity, spatial abilities.
Cortex (4 Lobes):
- Frontal: Decision-making, planning.
- Parietal: Sensory information.
- Occipital: Visual processing.
- Temporal: Hearing, memory, speech.
Limbic System:
- Emotions, behavior, long-term memory.
- Includes hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus.
Central Nervous System (CNS):
- Brain and spinal cord.
- Processes and sends information to the body.
Neural architecture, wiring, myelination?
Neural Architecture:
- Refers to the overall structure and organization of neurons in the brain.
- Includes how neurons are arranged and interconnected.
Wiring:
- Describes the connections between neurons, forming complex networks.
- These connections (synapses) allow for communication between neurons.
Myelination:
- The process of forming a myelin sheath around the axons.
- Myelin speeds up the transmission of electrical signals along the axon, enhancing neural efficiency.
These components are vital for efficient brain function and communication within the nervous system.
Neuroplasticity & its relationship to psychotherapy and individual’s change?
Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to reorganize and form new connections. In psychotherapy, this means that as people learn new coping strategies and ways of thinking, their brain pathways can change. This helps reinforce positive behaviors and reduce negative ones, leading to lasting improvements in mental health. It's pretty fascinating how our brains can adapt like that!
Neuron’s structure, action potential, neurotransmitters, hormones?
Neuron Structure: Neurons have a cell body (soma), dendrites (receive signals), an axon (transmits signals), a myelin sheath (insulates axon), and axon terminals (release neurotransmitters).
- Action Potential: It’s an electrical impulse that travels down the axon, caused by ion movement across the membrane.
- Neurotransmitters: Chemicals like dopamine and serotonin that transmit signals between neurons.
- Hormones: Chemical messengers released into the bloodstream to regulate processes like mood and metabolism.
egg and sperm
Egg (Ovum):
- Female cell.
- Large, non-motile.
- Released from ovaries.
Sperm:
- Male cell.
- Small, motile.
- Produced in testes.
Fertilization creates a zygote.
Prenatal care, development, and risks
Prenatal Care:
- Regular check-ups.
- Nutrition and supplements.
- Monitor health.
Development:
- First Trimester: Organ formation.
- Second Trimester: Growth.
- Third Trimester: Final development.
Risks:
- Gestational Diabetes: High blood sugar.
- Pre-eclampsia: High blood pressure.
- Preterm Birth: Before 37 weeks.
- Birth Complications: Various issues during labor.
aSurrogacy, in-vitro fertilization, Multiple births, identical vs. fraternal twins Low birth weight, SID, Maternal factors and risks?
Surrogacy, in-vitro fertilization: In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves combining eggs and sperm in a laboratory dish. Surrogacy is an arrangement where a woman carries and delivers a child for another couple or individual.
● Multiple births, identical vs. fraternal twins: Identical twins develop from a single fertilized egg that splits, while fraternal twins develop from two separate fertilized eggs.
● Low birth weight, SID: Low birth weight infants weigh less than 5 pounds 8 ounces. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexplained death of an infant younger than 1 year old.
● Maternal factors and risks: Maternal factors that can influence prenatal development include diet, obesity, age, and emotional state.
Infancy & Early and Middle Childhood
● Physical, cognitive, socio-emotional (psychosocial) development
● Reflexes, developmental milestones, delays
● Gross motor and fine motor development
● Concepts of scaffolding and ZPD, their author
● Language & moral development
● Critical periods & sensitive periods
● Temperament
● Personality
Infancy & Early/Middle Childhood:
- Physical Development: Rapid growth, motor skills development (gross and fine motor).
- Cognitive Development: Learning, problem-solving, and memory skills.
- Socio-emotional Development: Forming attachments, understanding emotions, and social interactions.
- Reflexes & Milestones: Key reflexes (like grasping) and milestones (like walking) to track growth. Delays can indicate developmental issues.
- Gross vs. Fine Motor: Gross motor involves large movements (like crawling), while fine motor involves smaller skills (like grasping objects).
- Scaffolding & ZPD: Concepts by Lev Vygotsky. Scaffolding is support for learning; ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development) is the gap between what a child can do alone and with help.
- Language Development: Rapid vocabulary growth and understanding of grammar.
- Moral Development: Understanding right from wrong, influenced by social interactions.
- Critical & Sensitive Periods: Times when development is most optimal (critical) or more flexible (sensitive).
- Temperament: Innate traits affecting behavior and emotional responses.
- Personality: Development of unique characteristics shaped by experiences and environment.
Attachment Theory
- Main Authors: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth.
Types of Attachment & Outcomes:
- Secure: Healthy relationships, trust.
- Avoidant: Intimacy issues.
- Ambivalent: Dependency, anxiety.
- Disorganized: Severe relationship issues, trauma.
Secure Attachment:
- Attunement: Caregiver responsiveness.
- Disruption: Temporary breaks.
- Repair: Restoring trust.
Attachment Disorders in Childhood:
- RAD: Difficulty forming attachments.
- DSED: Overly familiar with strangers.
Corrective Emotional Experience: Healing through positive relationships.
Relationship to Emotional Regulation, Empathy, Resilience:
- Emotional Regulation: Better management.
- Empathy: More empathetic.
- Resilience: Greater resilience.
Parenting styles
Parenting Styles:
- Authoritative: High responsiveness, high demands. Leads to well-rounded, self-disciplined children.
- Authoritarian: Low responsiveness, high demands. Can result in obedient but less happy children.
- Permissive: High responsiveness, low demands. Often leads to impulsive behavior and poor self-discipline.
- Uninvolved: Low responsiveness, low demands. Associated with lack of self-control and low self-esteem in children.
Each style impacts a child's development, behavior, and emotional well-being differently.
Issues & approaches in early education
Issues in Early Education:
- Access and Equity: Unequal access to quality education.
- Funding: Insufficient funding for early education programs.
- Quality of Education: Variability in teacher qualifications and curriculum standards.
- Parental Involvement: Lack of engagement from parents.
- Social-Emotional Development: Ensuring children develop social and emotional skills.
Approaches in Early Education:
- Play-Based Learning: Encourages learning through play.
- Montessori Method: Child-centered learning with hands-on activities.
- Reggio Emilia Approach: Focuses on self-directed, experiential learning in a relationship-driven environment.
- HighScope Approach: Active participatory learning with a focus on "plan-do-review."
- Waldorf Education: Emphasizes imagination in learning, integrating arts and practical activities.
These approaches aim to address the issues by providing diverse and inclusive educational experiences.
