World War 1 test

What’s the M in M.A.I.N

Militarism: The buildup of military forces and new weapons. (Example: Germany and Britain engaged in a naval arms race.)

Whats the A in M.A.I.N

Alliances: European nations formed defensive agreements. (Example: Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy; Triple Entente—Britain, France, Russia.)

Whats the I in M.A.I.N

Imperialism: Competition for overseas colonies created tension. (Example: France and Germany clashed over Morocco.)

Whats the N in M.A.I.N

Nationalism: Intense pride in one’s country led to conflicts. (Example: Slavic nationalism in the Balkans threatened Austria-Hungary.)

Kaiser William I (memorize his country

leader of germany, Aggressively expanded its military and sought more influence in Europe.

Czar Nicholas II (memorize his country

Russia: struggling with internal unrest and seeking to protect Slavic nations.

Georges Clemenceau (memorize his country)

France: determined to regain Alsace-Lorraine from Germany.

Woodrow Wilson

United States: initially remained neutral but later entered the war in 1917.

David Lloyd George (memorize his country)

Britain: maintained a powerful navy and sought to balance European power.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand date

June 28, 1914

Declaration of War (Austria-Serbia) date

July 28, 1914

Declaration of War (Germany-Russia) date

August 1, 1914

Declaration of War (Germany-France) date

date was August 3, 1914.

What were the Balkans called

Known as the “powder keg” because ethnic tensions and rivalries made it unstable.

Archduke ________ __________, heir to the __________-__________ throne, was assassinated by _________ ____________, a Serbian and member of the ____________ _____________. MEMORIZE

Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian and member of the Black Hand.

Who gave Austria-Hungary “full support” in its declaration of war? Why?

Germany did, known as the “blank check. Germany wanted to strengthen its ally and prevent Russian intervention.

Explain the Schlieffen Plan (and its failure….you need to indicate more than the fact that it was a plan).

Germany’s plan to avoid a two-front war by quickly defeating France, then turning to Russia. Failed due to Belgian resistance, British intervention, and Russian mobilization.

Who declared war on Russia? Why was war declared on Russia?

Germany because Russia mobilized to support Serbia.

Who declared war on Germany and why

Britain because they invaded Belgium

Why did Europeans think the war would end in a few weeks?

nearly all European wars since 1815 had ended in a matter of weeks

Where was the western front and what were the main characteristics.

stretched from Belgium to France. There was machine guns and artillery, more industrialized than the other front, fought mainly in Belgium.

Where was the eastern front and what were the main characteristics.

Located in Russia. More mobile warfare since it was bigger trench than the other trench and Russia suffered heavy losses

Describe trench warfare. (include the effect on soldiers as well)

Soldiers lived in trenches, facing disease, muddy ground, and constant shelling. Psychological stress, trench foot, and massive casualties, and PTSD.

What new technologies were used for the first time on the battle front in World War I?

Machine guns, Poison gas, Tanks, Submarines (U-boats)

1st Battle of the Marne

September 6th 1914. Marked the end of Germany’s rapid advance into France. The German Schlieffen Plan failed. Trench warfare began.

Battle of Verdun

Feb 21 1916. Longest battle of WWI—nearly 10 months. Fought between Germany and France. Over 700,000 casualties. It was a battle of attrition.

Battle of Somme

July 1st 1916. Joint British-French offensive against Germany. First use of tanks in warfare (by the British). Over 1 million casualties.

Battle of the 1st Ypres

October 19, 1914. Fought in Belgium; prevented Germany from reaching the English Channel. Showed how deadly and static the war would become.

Battle of Jutland

May 31 1916. Largest naval battle of WWI—between the British Royal Navy and the German Navy. Confirmed the importance of naval power in controlling supply routes.

Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 3rd Ypres

July 31, 1917. One of the worst trench battles—massive rain turned battlefields into mud.

Battles of Amiens

August 8th, 1918. Start of the "Hundred Days Offensive"—the final Allied push to victory. Marked the beginning of the end for Germany. Allies used tanks, aircraft, and coordinated attacks.

Battle of the 2nd Marne

July 15, 1918. Germany’s last major offensive—they tried to break through French lines. Germany’s last major offensive—they tried to break through French lines.

The stance of the United States at the beginning of WWI was ________________

Neutral

Describe the two causes of the United States’ entry into WWI:

Unrestricted submarine warfare: Germany’s U-boats sank ships, including the Lusitania. Zimmermann Telegram: Germany encouraged Mexico to attack the U.S.

How did WWI affect the home fronts of the countries involved?

Rationing, Women in the workforce, governments issued war bonds, which were essentially loans from citizens that would be repaid with interest after the war, Citizens were encouraged to buy bonds to support the war financially.

What are the main traits of propaganda and how was it used during WWI?

Used to recruit soldiers, demonize enemies, encourage support.

Armenian genocide - causes, key actions, impact.

took place between 1915 and 1917, carried out by the Ottoman Empire during WWI. Over 1.5 million Armenians were killed or deported. Armenians were perceived as a threat to the Ottoman Empire due to their Christian faith (Ottomans were muslim)

Czar _______________ of the ____________ family was the last czar of Russia. memorize this

Czar Nicholas II of the Romanov family was the last czar of Russia.

What reforms did Nicholas II put in place after the revolution of 1905?

Created Duma (parliament), A legislative body and state council that rules with him.

What did Nicholas do almost immediately after making duma reforms?

Quickly ignored them, ruling as an absolute monarch.

After the czar stepped down from power, who led the provisional government? Describe the provisional government

Led by Alexander Kerensky. made in 1917. It struggled to maintain support because they chose to be in ww1. collapsed in the October Revolution of 1917 when Bolsheviks seized power, marking the start of Soviet rule.

Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks?

Vladmir Lenin

The Bolsheviks main ideology and actions?

Promoted Communism, overthrew provisional government in November 1917.

What does “Peace, Land, and Bread” mean in practice?

promised withdrawal from war, land reforms, and food for people.

What were the New Economic Policies

allowed small businesses and farmers to operate privately, while the government still controlled major industries like banking, transportation, and heavy industry, ended in 1928.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (also WHEN)

March 3rd 1918, signed by Russia and Germany, It was signed so Germany could gain land and Russia could exit WW1.

Russian Revolution (also WHEN)

1917-1922: Whites: Anti-Bolsheviks (loyalists, moderates, foreign support). Reds: Bolsheviks (Communists). The Whites were fighting to overthrow the communist government.

Trotsky and Stalin after the death of Lenin

Trotsky wanted worldwide revolution, but was later exiled and assassinated. Stalin then took over with totalitarian policies.

Who were the “Big Four”?

Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)

David Lloyd George (Britain)

Georges Clemenceau (France)

Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

In what year did the United States enter the war?

1917

When Russia withdrew from WWI, what were the results for each of the following alliances: Allied Powers,Central Powers

Allies: Lost a major partner

Central Powers: Focused forces on Western Front.

What did Friedrich Ebert do in Germany?

Led the Weimar Republic, signed armistice.

What is Armstice? Who signed Armstice and when

Ceasefire agreement, signed November 11, 1918 by Fredrich Ebert.

What did the Communists do in Germany?

They tried to over throw the Weimar Republic but were brutally crushed the Freikorps.

Who proposed the “Fourteen Points” and why

President Woodrow Wilson signed it to Prevent future wars, self-determination, League of Nations (worldwide organizaions of countries).

Were the “Fourteen Points” accepted by the members at the Paris Peace Conference?

Not fully accepted, France and Britain didn’t accept because they wanted to punish Germany. They believed Germany was mainly responsible for the war

Details of Article 231

It officially placed full blame on Germany for the war which allowed harsh penalties. Germany Payed $33 Billion, reduced army to 100,000, banned from heavy artillery, lost 13% of its land and 10% of its population.

Reparations

Payments for war damages

What treaty officially ended WWI? WHEN was it signed?

Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919

How did the map of Europe change after WWI?

European borders were redrawn, Alsace-Lorraine (returned to France), West Prussia (given to Poland)

Who was in triple alliance

War of attrition

Prolonged battle between two sides try to wear each other down through lossed in supplies. Used in the battle of Verdun.

Total War

a conflict that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefield