5: States of Consciousness (copy)

What is consciousness?

Consciousness refers to an organism's awareness of its external environment and internal mental processes.

What is waking consciousness?

Waking consciousness is a state of clear, organized alertness.

What is a disorder of consciousness?

A disorder of consciousness is a condition of awareness that is atypical, such as coma or persistent vegetative state.

What defines a persistent vegetative state?

A persistent vegetative state is characterized by a long-term waking state without any signs of awareness.

What is an altered state of consciousness (ASC)?

An altered state of consciousness (ASC) is a condition of awareness distinctly different from waking consciousness.

Can everyone experience an altered state of consciousness?

Yes, everyone experiences an altered state of consciousness, which can occur due to fatigue, delirium, hypnosis, drugs, and euphoria.

How is hypnosis defined?

Hypnosis is a state of consciousness characterized by focused attention, reduced peripheral awareness, and heightened suggestibility.

Who created the best-known state theory of hypnosis?

Ernest Hilgard created the best-known state theory of hypnosis.

What is the hidden observer in hypnosis?

The hidden observer is a detached part of the hypnotized person's awareness that silently watches events.

What is the basic suggestion effect?

The basic suggestion effect is the tendency of hypnotized persons to carry out suggested actions as if they were involuntary.

What are the steps of hypnosis?

The steps of hypnosis include focusing, relaxing, letting go and accepting, and using vivid imagination.

What percentage of people can be hypnotized?

Approximately 75% of people can be hypnotized, but only 40% are considered good participants.

What are some effects of hypnosis?

Hypnosis can affect physical ability, memory, induce amnesia, relieve pain, and change sensory experiences.

What is meditation?

Meditation is a mental exercise aimed at producing relaxation or heightened awareness.

What is mindful meditation?

Mindful meditation is a mental exercise focused on widening attention to become aware of everything experienced at a given moment.

What is concentrative meditation?

Concentrative meditation is a mental exercise that involves focusing attention on a single subject or thought.

What is the relaxation response?

The relaxation response is the pattern of internal bodily changes that occurs during relaxation, opposing the body's fight or flight mechanism.

What is a biological rhythm?

A biological rhythm is any repeating cycle of biological activity, such as sleep and waking cycles.

What device records electrical activity in the brain?

An electroencephalograph (EEG) records electrical activity in the brain.

What are beta waves?

Beta waves are small, fast brain waves associated with being awake and alert.

What characterizes REM sleep?

REM sleep is marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, and dreaming.

What occurs during NREM sleep?

During NREM sleep, brain waves become longer and slower, and the pulse rate and body temperature drop.

What is insomnia?

Insomnia is the difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep.

What is sleep apnea?

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which a person stops breathing during sleep.

What is narcolepsy?

Narcolepsy is a sudden, irresistible sleep attack.

What is a psychoactive drug?

A psychoactive drug is any substance that can alter a person's state of consciousness.

What effect do stimulants have on the body?

Stimulants increase activity in the body and nervous system.

What is physical dependence?

Physical dependence is the compulsive use of a drug to maintain bodily comfort, as indicated by drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.

What are opioids?

Opioids are narcotics that produce sleep and pain relief, including substances like heroin and morphine.

Name a common depressant.

Alcohol is a common depressant.

What is the action of hallucinogens?

Hallucinogens alter or distort sensory impressions.

What is metacognition?

Metacognition is the conscious experience of thinking about one's own thinking and performance.

What are the three elements of metacognition?

The three elements of metacognition are knowledge, monitoring, and control.

What is the purpose of self-regulation in metacognition?

Self-regulation in metacognition helps monitor and evaluate one's thought processes and understanding across different situations.

What is the aim of mindfulness meditation?

The aim of mindfulness meditation is to observe your own thoughts without judgment.

What is the main purpose of sleep?

The main purpose of sleep is to restore energy and support memory consolidation.

What theory asserts that dreams express unconscious wishes?

The Freudian or psychodynamic theory asserts that dreams express unconscious wishes.

What happens during the REM stage of sleep?

During the REM stage of sleep, rapid eye movements occur along with dreaming.

How does sleep deprivation affect cognitive function?

Moderate sleep deprivation affects vigilance and performance on routine tasks.

What are sleep-wake disorders?

Sleep-wake disorders are difficulties in falling asleep, staying asleep, and waking up.

What is the relationship between drug tolerance and dependency?

Drug tolerance is the progressive decrease in responsiveness to a drug, often leading to dependence.

What are some behavioral remedies for insomnia?

Behavioral remedies for insomnia include stimulus control, sleep restriction, and relaxation techniques.