AEE111: Basic Aircraft Structures Principles & Pneumatic System

AIRSYS M1 L1-L2

1. Powerplant

2. Wing

3. Landing Gear

4. Fuselage

5. Empennage

What are the 5 Major Aircraft Components?

Fuselage

It forms the main body of the aircraft, to which the wings, tailplane, canards, vertical fin, and engine are attached. It takes the form of a tube, housing the flight deck, passenger cabin, freight holds, and the majority of the equipment required to operate the aircraft.

1. Truss Type or Framework Type

2. Monocoque Type

3. Semi-Monocoque Type

What are the 3 Types of Fuselage?

Truss Type

A rigid framework made up of members, such as beams, struts, and bars, designed to resist deformation from applied loads. It is generally covered with fabric.

Truss Type

What type of fuselage?

Monocoque Type

A type of fuselage where the skin bears all the loads placed on the structure, and the shape of the structure provides its strength and rigidity. The skin may be attached to formers to give its basic shape, but it carries all the flight and ground loads.

Monocoque Type

What type of fuselage?

Semi-Monocoque Type

In this type, the loads imposed on the skin are shared by a series of frames, stringers, and formers that are attached to it. Frames strengthen the fuselage and help distribute the load. Stringers are lighter longitudinal members that reinforce the skin, and formers are used to maintain the skin’s profile between frames.

Semi-Monocoque Type

What type of fuselage?

Wings

Previously referred to as main planes, they produce the lift that supports the weight of the aircraft in flight. They must have sufficient strength and stiffness to perform this function effectively.

• Truss Type

• Semi-Monocoque Type

Wing Structures

Wing Spar

Truss Type (Wing)

Are constructed so that they will absorb the downwards bending stresses when on the ground and the upwards, rearwards, and twisting stresses when in flight.

Drag Wire

Truss Type (Wing)

A wing support of an airplane for sustaining the backward reaction due to the drag of the wing.

Anti-Drag Wire

Truss Type (Wing)

It opposes the drag wire.

Compression Strut

Truss Type (Wing)

It opposes the compressive loads between the spars arising from the tensile loads produced by the drag and anti-drag wires.

Skin

Semi-Monocoque Type (Wing)

It takes the loads due to differences in air pressures and the mass and inertia of the fuel (if any) in the wing tanks. It generates direct stresses in a spanwise direction as a response to bending moments and also reacts against twisting (torsion).

Stringers

Semi-Monocoque Type (Wing)

These are spanwise members that give the wing rigidity by stiffening the skin in compression.

Ribs

Semi-Monocoque Type (Wing)

These maintain the airfoil shape of the wings, support the spars, stringers, and skin against buckling, and pass concentrated loads from engines, landing gear, and control surfaces into the skin and spars.

Ailerons

Semi-Monocoque Type (Wing)

Extend from about the midpoint of each wing outward to the tip and move in opposite directions to create aerodynamic forces that cause the airplane to roll.

Flaps

Semi-Monocoque Type (Wing)

When extended, they move simultaneously downward to increase the lifting force of the wing for takeoff and landings.

• Biplane

• Braced Monoplane

• Cantilever Monoplane

Wing Categories

Biplane

Consists of two main wings stacked one above the other. The wing spars, interplane struts, and bracing wires form a lattice girder of great rigidity, which is highly resistant to bending and twisting.

Braced Monoplane

???

Cantilever Monoplane

In this design, the wing is self-supporting and attached to the fuselage at one end. The designer must ensure that the wing’s structure is capable of withstanding the torsional loads, the loads created along its length in flight, and its mass on the ground.

Low Wing

Wing location wherein the landing gear legs are shorter than those of a high-wing aircraft. If an engine-propeller combination is to be mounted on the wings, the propeller size is limited by the ground clearance unless the legs are extended.

Mid-wing

Wing location where aircraft have the advantage of improved aerodynamics for high-speed flight, but the disadvantage is having spars passing through the middle of the fuselage.

High-wing

Wing location where aircraft have the advantages of providing good downward visibility and making cargo loading and unloading easier.

Dihedral Angle

It is the angle between the wing and the horizontal plane when the wing is positioned above the horizontal plane.

Anhedral Angle

It is the angle between the wing and the horizontal plane when the wing is mounted below the horizontal plane.

Empennage

On conventional aircraft, the _______ or tailplane normally takes the form of a single vertical fin and horizontal surface. These are fitted to provide the aircraft with directional and longitudinal static stability and are mounted at the tail (rear) of the aircraft.

Landing Gear

The __________ supports the aircraft during landing and while it is on the ground. It must not only withstand the shocks during landing but also be positioned to prevent the airplane from nosing over when landing.

ATA 100-chapter numbers

_________________ were a common referencing standard for all commercial aircraft documentation. This commonality permits greater ease of learning and understanding for pilots, aircraft maintenance
technicians, and engineers alike.

Air Transport Association

The standard numbering system was published by the ________________ on June 1, 1956.

ATA 01 - ATA 04

ATA Chapter: Aircraft General

Reserved for Airline Use

ATA 05

ATA Chapter: Aircraft General

TIME LIMITS/MAINTENANCE CHECKS

ATA 06

ATA Chapter: Aircraft General

DIMENSIONS AND AREAS

ATA 07

ATA Chapter: Aircraft General

LIFTING AND SHORING

ATA 08

ATA Chapter: Aircraft General

LEVELING AND WEIGHING

ATA 09

ATA Chapter: Aircraft General

TOWING AND TAXI

ATA 10

ATA Chapter: Aircraft General

PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE AND RETURN TO SERVICE

ATA 11

ATA Chapter: Aircraft General

PLACARDS AND MARKINGS

ATA 12

ATA Chapter: Aircraft General

SERVICING - ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

ATA 18

ATA Chapter: Aircraft General

VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY)

ATA 89

ATA Chapter: Aircraft General

FLIGHT TEST INSTALLATION

ATA 20

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

STANDARD PRACTICES - AIRFRAME

ATA 21

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

AIR CONDITIONING AND PRESSURIZATION

ATA 22

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

AUTO FLIGHT

ATA 23

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

COMMUNICATIONS

ATA 24

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

ELECTRICAL POWER

ATA 25

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS

ATA 26

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

FIRE PROTECTION

ATA 27

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

FLIGHT CONTROLS

ATA 28

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

FUEL

ATA 29

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

HYDRAULIC POWER

ATA 30

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION

ATA 31

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

INDICATING / RECORDING SYSTEM

ATA 32

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

LANDING GEAR

ATA 33

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

LIGHTS

ATA 34

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

NAVIGATION

ATA 35

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

OXYGEN

ATA 36

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

PNEUMATIC

ATA 37

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

VACUUM

ATA 38

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

WATER/WASTE

ATA 39

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

ELECTRICAL - ELECTRONIC PANELS AND MULTIPURPOSE COMPONENTS

ATA 40

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

MULTISYSTEM

ATA 41

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

WATER BALLAST

ATA 42

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

INTEGRATED MODULAR AVIONICS

ATA 44

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

CABIN SYSTEMS

ATA 45

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

DIAGNOSTIC AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEM

ATA 46

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

ATA 47

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

NITROGEN GENERATION SYSTEM

ATA 48

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

IN FLIGHT FUEL DISPENSING

ATA 49

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER

ATA 50

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

CARGO AND ACCESSORY COMPARTMENTS

ATA 51

ATA Chapter: Structure

STANDARD PRACTICES AND STRUCTURES - GENERAL

ATA 52

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

DOORS

ATA 53

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

FUSELAGE

ATA 54

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

NACELLES/PYLONS

ATA 55

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

STABILIZERS

ATA 56

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

WINDOWS

ATA 57

ATA Chapter: Airframe Systems

WINGS

ATA 61

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

PROPELLERS

ATA 70

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

STANDARD PRATICES ENGINE

ATA 71

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

POWER PLANT

ATA 72

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

ENGINE - RECIPROCATING

ATA 73

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

ENGINE - FUEL AND CONTROL

ATA 74

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

IGNITION

ATA 75

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

BLEED AIR

ATA 76

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

ENGINE CONTROLS

ATA 77

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

ENGINE INDICATING

ATA 78

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

EXHAUST

ATA 79

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

OIL

ATA 80

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

STARTING

ATA 81

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

TURBINES (RECIPROCATING ENGINES)

ATA 82

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

ENGINE WATER INJECTION

ATA 83

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

ACCESSORY GEARBOXES

ATA 84

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

PROPULSION AUGMENTATION

ATA 85

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

FUEL CELL SYSTEMS

ATA 91

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

CHARTS

ATA 92

ATA Chapter: Powerplant

Electrical System Installation