COVID-19 in Native Americans — Pathophysiology

A set of flashcards covering the pathophysiology of COVID-19 in Native Americans.

What virus causes COVID-19?

SARS-CoV-2, an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus.

What protein allows SARS-CoV-2 to enter host cells?

The spike (S) protein.

What receptor does the spike protein bind to?

ACE2 receptor.

Where are ACE2 receptors highly expressed?

Type II alveolar epithelial cells, heart cells, and vascular endothelium.

What host protease enables viral entry?

TMPRSS2.

What happens once SARS-CoV-2 enters the cell?

Viral RNA is released and hijacks host machinery to replicate.

What immune response is triggered by infected cells?

Release of cytokines and chemokines.

What is a cytokine storm?

Excessive immune activation causing hyper-inflammation and tissue damage.

How does COVID-19 affect the respiratory system?

Alveolar damage → impaired gas exchange → possible ARDS.

How does COVID-19 affect the cardiovascular system?

Can cause myocarditis and increased cardiac workload.

Why does COVID-19 cause GI symptoms?

ACE2 receptors are present in the gut epithelium.