Anat I - Bones, Joints, Muscle, Circulation

Flat bones

Compact Bone

Smooth bone found outside of long / flat / irregular bones

Trabecular Bone

“Spongy bone” found inside long / flat / irregular bones

Structure of flat bones

• Periosteum

• spongy bone

• compact bone

Structure of long bones

• Outside - epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, compact bone

• Inside - epiphyseal line, spongy bone, medullary cavity, periosteum, nutrient foramen

Periosteum

Sheet of connective tissue that allows connection of tendons and ligaments

Outer fibrous layer

Contains fibroblasts and dense connective tissue (periosteum layer)

Inner cellular layer

Contains progenitor cells that become osteoblasts (periosteum layer)

Endosteum

Similar structure to periosteum but found on inner surfaces of bone

Fibroblasts

Cells that secrete collagen and elastic fibers

Osteoblasts

Derived from mesenchymal stem cells and deposit bone matrix

Osteoclasts

Derived from hematopoietic stem cells and resorb (eat) bone matrix

Osteocytes

Some osteoblasts that are trapped in bone and maintain matrix of bone tissue

Surfaces, matrix

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are found on bone __

while osteocytes are found within the bony __

Osteons

Structure that makes up compact bone, connected with nerves/vessels

Harversian Canals

Pathways at center of each osteon that house nerves and blood vessels

Osteon structure for compact bone

Osteon structure for spongy bone

Harversian canals

In contrast to compact bone, osteons of spongy bone have few to NO __ __

Trabecular

Osteoporosis more readily impacts the __ (compact/trabecular) bone which has a large surface area —> more metabolically active

Primary Osteoporosis

Age-related bone loss, commonly seen in post-menopausal women* and elderly

Secondary Osteoporosis

Bone loss due to changes in lifestyle, medication, and disease

Fibrous joints

Joints connected by ligaments

Sutures

Connect flat bones of the skull (fibrous type)

Syndesmosis

Connective tissue to shafts of adjacent long bones (i.e. radius/ulna, tibia/fibula) (fibrous type)

Gomphosis

Holds teeth in their sockets (fibrous type)

Symphysis

Compromised of fibrous cartilage (i.e. pubis) (cartilaginous type)

Synchondrosis

Compromised of hyaline cartilage (i.e. epiphyseal growth plates -LExt) (cartilaginous type)

Synovial Joint

Allows for free movement between bones with no friction (i.e. shoulder, knees)

Compartments, fascia

Muscles are typically found in __ and are separated by __

Striations, voluntary

Skeletal muscle

• Long tubular cells with __

• Found in __-moving muscles

Y, heart

Cardiac muscle

• _-shaped cells found in the __

• involuntary

Spindle, internal

Smooth muscle

• __-shaped cells in walls of __ organs

• involuntary

Joint, bone, contraction

Muscles cross at least one __, attach to __

Muscle __ pulls the insertion to the origin

Origin

Region of bone that is stationary with attached muscle

Insertion

Region of bone that is mobile with attached muscle

Agonist

Prime mover of a joint or structure

Synergist

Muscles that work together (with agonist) to produce movement

Fixator

Muscles that hold the joint steady so agonists and synergists can allow movement

Antagonist, speed

An __ performs the opposite action as agonist to control the __ of movement

Fascia

Contains cells, fibers, and ground substance for surrounding muscles

Fat, collagen

Superficial fascia contain mostly __ and loosely arranged __ fibers

Deep, compartments

__ fascia encircles muscles and forms __. Also envelops nerves, arteries, and lymphatics.

Oxygenated, away, smaller

Arteries carry __ blood __ (toward/away) heart and have branches that get __

Deoxygenated, toward, larger

Veins carry __ blood __ (toward/away) heart and have branches that get __

Narrow, no, media, more

In arterial circulation

• __ (narrow vs large) lumen

• __ (have vs no) valves

• Tunica __ thickest

• __ (more vs less) elastic

Large, have, externa, less

In venous circulation

• __ (narrow vs large) lumen

• __ (have vs no) valves

• Tunica __ thickest

• __ (more vs less) elastic

Tunica Media

Smooth muscle in arteries that affects blood pressure

Skeletal muscle pump

Muscle in veins that aids in venous blood return and prevent backflow of blood

Veins, arteries, tunica media

__ (arteries/veins) increase in diameter from small to larger

__ (arteries/veins) decrease in diameter from larger to small

Capillaries are tiny and only have the __ __ layer