Child Development Exam 2

Cephalocaudal Development

Head-Down Development

Proximodistal Development

We grow from the inside out

Differentiation

Behaviors become more specific or distinct as we get older Ex. Baby-batting at things → Child-grabbing thingd

Weight Increase

Weight multiplies

5 months- double birth weight

1 yr- triple birth weight

2 yr- 4-7lbs

Height Increase

+ 50 % in 1st year

4 to 6 inches in the 2nd year

By 2nd year they’ve grown half of their adult height

Growth spurts- 90% of the time kids aren’t growing, then they hit a spurt. Growth spurt messes with the growth curve.

Boys are typically bigger than girls

Failure to Thrive

Growth impairment during infancy and early childhood, causes may be organic or non-organic.

Linked to physical, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional problems

the earlier the kids got out of this environment the less of an impact it has

Non-Organic FTT

Lack of social interactions, Reactive Attachment Disorder

Organic FTT

Marasmus- Not getting enough protein/calories, wasting away

Kwashiorker- 

Canalization

If you are falling behind and get in the right environment you can bounce back rad

Choice to Breastfeed is influenced by

Home/Work Arrangements

Attitudes

Fear/Unease

Community and Family Support

Education-Higher education=preference for breast feeding

Colostrum

Special Breast Milk in the first days of life that is high in nutrients

Pros of Breast feeding

Lower rates of cancer in moms

stronger bones

weight returns to pre pregnancy levels

lower stress

babies prefer breast milk

breat milk changes when baby is sick

reduces risk of diabetes

cons of breast feeding

risk of transferring hiv, alcohol, drugs

mom needs adequate nutrition

physical demands to mom

smoking- may be an issue, not alot of research

Neurons

Transmit electrical and chemical signals in the body

Dendrites

Branch like extensions, is what’s recieving the chemical signals at points called synpases

Axons

Long tail that transmits signals away 

Myelin Sheath

What cushions your axon synapses

Myelination

The formation of myelin sheath gets thicker as kids get older

Synaptic Pruning

Helps make the brain more efficient by decreasing connections

Brain Size

At birth=25% of adult weight

1 yr= 70% of adult weight

by 5-6= 95% of adult size

Frontal Lobe

Higher Order Thinking

Parietal Lobe

Sensory Perception

Occipital Lobe

Vision Information

Cerebellum

Movement

Cephalocaudal Motor Development

Control of head and upper torso before arms

Proximodistal Motor Development

Control trunk and shoulders before head and fingers

Grasp Reflex

Grasp but do not release intentionally

Ulnar Grasp

Grasing all fingers around something

Pincer Graps

Hold Something between the thumb and forefinger

lacomotion

Moving from one place to another

Reaction Range

Limits for the expression of inherited traits

sensation

what we experience from the senses

Perception

How we interpret these signals from the signals

Vision in newborns

nearsighted, poor peripheral vision

1 month- focus on the edges of the face

2 month- focus on eyes and lips

Visual Cliff

If babies don’t have depth perception they can’t tell that there is going to be a drop.

Self Referencing

Looking at social cues to guide behavior

If mom made a scared face then they would ststop if mom encouraged they crossed

Perceptual Consistancy

An object remains the same size even if our perception changes it

Size Consistancy

Shape Consistancy

Develops around 4-5 months

Development of Hearing

Newborns can orient their heads toward directions of sound

18 months can located sound as well as adults

1 month- can perceieve difference between similar speech sounds

31/2 month- whose voice is whose

infants percieve most speech sounds present in worlds languages

Passive to Mechanical Learning

Intentional Actions- Move your head around and hope dad is there

Systematic Search- Look for something red because dad has red hair

Selective Attention- Look for people who look similar to dad

Ignore Irrelevant Information

Sensorimotor Period

Infants explore the world through direct sensory and motor contact.

Assimilation

Bringing something new into your schema

Accomodation

This doesn’t fit into my schema, remove it

Substage 1: Simple Reflexes

First Month

Enter the world with inherited action patterns (reflexes)

Substage 2: Primary Circular Reactions

1-4 months

repetitive action

stereotypes- repeated the same way each time Ex. baby sucks fingers, tries to do it the same way everytime

acting on their own body in a pleasurable way

Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions

1-4 Months

More object oriented, centered on the outside world

actions are because of their consequences

Ex. rattling a rattle over and over

Acting on the environment in a pleasurable way

Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions

8-12 months

beginning of goal directed behavior

hand eye coordination

Object Permanence

Knows things exist even if it sin’t in front of you

A not B error

Put an object under 2 hiding places, do it multiple times in the same spot and the baby gets it right. Put the object under the other hiding spot and the baby will go under the original hiding spot

Substage 5: Teritary Circular Reactions

12-18 months

Infants begins to experiment on their environment

not just repeating enjoyable actions

Interested in the unexpected

trying out different things

Substage 6: Internalization of Schemas

18 months- 2 years

primitive symbolic thought

mental represenations- infants can imagine where objects might be evewhen if they can’t see theme

deferred imitation- pretend play

mirror neurons

neurons that fire when you see someone doing something Ex. movies make us cry because our mirror neurons are going off

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Intellectual development testing for infants, doesn’t predict school grades or IQ scales

Visual Recognition Memory

How much does a kid remember what they just saw, best predictor of adult IQ

Prelinguistic Language

Crying, Cooing, Babbling, echolalia- babbling over and over, intonation- go up or down with pitch

general nominal

nouns

Specific nominal

proper nouns

referential language style

point to thing and label them

expressive language style

kid saying all done, communicating to people aroundhtem

overextension

using a word too broadly

underextension

using a word too narrowly

telegraphic speech

cutting out extra words

mean length of utterance

number of morphemes they are using increases Ex. adding s to the end of words, using

two word sentences

ex. kitty go, kitty no

Social Cognition Theory

Imitation, parents are the models, and say things they have not heard before

Behavioral Theory

Reinforcement of real words, extinction of foreign words, shaping

Psycholingustic Theory

Interac

Language acquisition devices

makes us sensitive to picking up language

Attachment

Positive emotional bond that develops

between a child and a particular, special

individual

•Most important aspect of infant social

development

Ethological View of Attachment

Attachment is an inborn fixed action pattern (FAP) which occurs in the

presence of a species-specific releasing stimulus

 In humans, baby’s smile in response to human voice or face;

 2-3-month emergence of social smile

 In non-humans, FAP occurs during critical period: imprinting

Bowlby

Phase 1- Infants attach to human figures

• Phase 2: attachment becomes focused on one figure

• Phase 3: specific attachments develop, motor skills enable baby to

actively seek contact with figure

• Phase 4: children become aware of other feelings, goals, and plans

and take these into account in their own actions

Secure attachment

good relationship with mom

insecure attachment

don’t have a good relationship with mom and then with other people

Stages of attachment

Initial-preattachment phase (0-3 mo)

Attachment-in-the-making phase (3-6 mo)

Clear-cut-attachment phase (6mo+)

**Most children form multiple attachments

How common is child abuse

3 million American children are neglected or

abused each year

 Serious injury (1 in 6)

 Sexual abuse (~5%)

Primarily

 By parent (mother)

 Directed toward younger children

50-60% of abuse not reported?

effects of child abuse on children

Personal, social,

psychological problems

Less securely attached to

parents

Less intimate with peers

More aggressive, angry

and noncompliant with

other children

CAUSES OF CHILD

ABUSE AND NEGLECT

Situational stress

History of child abuse in at least one parents’ family of origin

Lack of problem-solving skills

Substance abuse

Crying infant

Perceived intentional disobedience

WHY DOES CHILD

ABUSE RUN IN

FAMILIES?

Parents serve as model

 Violence = “normal”

Insecure attachment style

DEALING WITH CHILD

ABUSE

Reporting child abuse

 Many states require suspicions to be reported

Preventing child abuse

 Strengthening parenting skills

 Home visits to high risk groups

 Providing support, such as child abuse hotline

 Increase public awareness

AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS

Characterized by impairment in communication skills, social

interactions, and repetitive stereotyped behavior

Asperger’s disorder

muted version of autism

rett’s disorder

more severe from of autism, appears out of nowhere

childhood disintegration disorder

also comes out of nowhere

CAUSES OF AUTISM

SPECTRUM DISORDER

Possible factors

 Low birth weight

 Advanced maternal age

 Genetic x environment interaction

 Insufficient “pruning” of synapses

 Immune system disorders

Heredity creates a vulnerability to autism,

but the conditions that produce autism are

unknown

HOW DO EMOTIONS

DEVELOP?

initial emotional expressions comprise two basic states

 Positive to pleasant stimuli;

 Withdrawal from aversive stimuli

FEAR OF STRANGERS

Development of stranger anxiety

 4–5 months – smile more at mom

 6-9 months –SA appears

 9-12 months– SA peaks

 18-24 months– another peak

Show less distress when mothers are present

Closer to stranger, more distressed

emotional regulation

Refers to ways young children control their

own emotions

Caregivers help infants learn to regulate

emotions

 Interplay between caregiver and infant

 Secure mothers = children more able to positively

regulate emotions

SELF-CONCEPT

The sense of self emerges gradually during

infancy

Development of self-concept

 Mirror technique (18 mo)

 Point to their picture and use “I” in refer to self (24 mo)

Presence of self-awareness allows

 Sharing and cooperation

 “Self-conscious” emotions

TEMPERAMENT

Characteristic way of relating and adapting to the world;

present very early in life

types:

easy

difficult

slow to warm up