A Watershed Moment for African-American Culture and Politics (14-19)

From 1915-1920 how many African Americans left their homes in the South?

over a million

Where did African Americans from the South move to and why?

North and west for employment and better lives

Which set of laws segregated African Americans in the south?

Jim Crow Laws

The African Americans which moved between 1915-120 became known as what?

An early wave of the Great Migration

When did the Great MIgration end?

1970s

WHen was the GReat Migration?

1910-1970

How many African Americans took part in the Great Migration?

6 million

When did the US enter WW1?

1917

What led to an increase in labor demand for northern industries?

American entrance to WW1

How did labor demand affect African American migration?

Intensified migration, since more African-Americans moved in seek of jobs

What profession did many African Americans have before moving?

Sharecroppers

Which cities did most of the African American sharecroppers move from?

Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama

What challenge did African-American sharecroppers face when migrating?

Adjusting to urban living for the first time

Between 1910-1920 Detroit’s African-American population grew by what percentage?

611.3%

Between 1910 and 1920, Cleveland’s African-American population grew by what percentage?

307.8%

By what percentage did African-american populations increase in New York between 1910 and 1920?

66.3%

African-American populations grew by what percentage in Philadelphia between 1910-1920?

58.9%

Between 1910 and 1920, Chicago’s African-American population grew by what percentage?

148.2%

Which smaller cities saw increases in African-American populations similar to major black cities>

Milwaukee, Akron, Buffalo, Newark, Gary

What nicknames were given to African-American neighborhoods>

bronzeville, and Black Bottom

Where is Harlem relative to Central Park?

Just North of Central Park in Manhattan

Which city earned the moniker “Black Mecca?”

Harlem

What nickname for Harlem alluded to a religious site?

Black Mecca

Which city functioned as the unofficial capitol for Black America?

Harlem

Which neighborhood lead African-American artistics, intellectual and political society?

Harlem

Where did Jazz originate?

New Orleans

What was a nickname for New Orleans?

Crescent City

What was the district in which jazz flourished called?

A red-light district

What were some of the features of jazz?

syncopated rhythms and improvised riffs

What older genres did Jazz borrow elements from?

blues, ragtime, and classical music

Who were some of the most legendary jazz performers who started in New Orleans before traveling throughout the US?

Jelly Roll Morton, King Oliver, and Louis Armstrong

Jazz followed which group of migrants?

African-AMerican migrants

What River begin to adopt and change jazz styles?

The Mississippi river

What cities developed distinct regional styles along the Mississippi River?

Memphis, Kansas, and St. Louis

In what city did jazz reign supreme?

Chicago

What was unique about Chicago which made it an important destination for African-Americans?

It was the terminus of the Illinois Central Railroad

What was the largest African-American newspaper?

The Chicago Defender

How many people subscribed to The Chicago Defender at its peak?

500,000Daily

The Chicago Defender published how often?

daily

What role did the Chicago Defender have in dealing with racial violence and discrimination?

It covered racial violence and discrimination in the Jim Crow south and published editorials promotinng the employment opportunities in the “Windy City’s factories and slaughterhouses”

What was a nickname for Chicago?

Windy City

When did Louis Armstrng arrive in Chicago?

1922Wh

What instrument was Armstrng known for playing when he arrived in Chicago?>

Trumpet

How did Armstrong claim he was treated? WHy did he claim to be treated this way?

As a god, because he was a “jazzman”

Armstrng earned how much more in Chicago than he did in New Orleans?

5x more

Armstrong played on which side of CHicago?

The “Bustling South Side”

Which famous band leader's band did Armstrng join in Chicago?

King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band

WHich famous hit did King Oliver’s jazz band release in 1923?

Dippermouth BLues

In what year did Armstrng go solo?

1925

What were some of Armstrong’s key features when singing?

Scat singing and improvisation

What do historians claim “paved the way for modern jazz?”

Armstrng’s creativity and experimentation

What dances became popular in the 1920’s?

The Lindy-hop and the CHarleston

How many steps did the CHarleston have?

400 steps

How did contemporary accounts describe the Charleston’s 400 steps?

“the most awkward postures— knock-knees, legs ‘akimbo,’ toes turned in until they met, squatting, comic little side steps, [the dancer] crossing hands on his knock-knees, weaves them back and forth, teetering at the same time on the ball of one foot.”

Which 2 venues were iconic to New York’s musical scene?

Cotton Club and Roseland ballroom

Which famous jazz figures performed at Cotton Club and Roseland Ballroom?

Duke Ellington and Paul WHiteman

Which 2 cities outside of Manhattan and Chicago helped popularize jazz?

Kansas City and Missouri

Which pinist helped define Kansas City’s distinctive jazz-esque style?

Count Basie

What was Count Basie’s Kansas City style eventually called?

Swing

Which group of African-American soldiers famously spread jazz throughout Europe?

the “Harlem Hell fighters”

What was the Harlem Hellfighters officer military name?

369th Infantry Band

Who led the Harlem Hellfighters?

Lt. James Reese Europe

When did the Harlem Hellfighters spread jazz in Europe?

During WW1

Why did some African-American soldiers decide to stay in France after WW1?

They saw Jim Crow discrimination and and decided to experience life free in France

Which group of US migrants joined the African-American soldiers who stayed in France?

Black Artists and performers like Josephine Baker

What was Josephine baker’s debut work? When did she star in it?

Shuffle Along; as a teenager

What was Josephine Baker’s role in Shuffle Along?

She was a chorus girl

How did Josephine Baker rise to international stardom?

As a dancer in Paris in the 1920s

What type of attire did Josephine Baker wear?

Suggestive attire

Which iconic outfit encapsulated Baker’s suggestive movements and attire?

A banana skirt

What happened in 1925 which improved the quality of Jazz recordings?

the advent of Electrical recording

When was electrical recording invented?

1925

Electrical recording coincided with the increasing popularity of which other technology?

radio

What was radio used for in terms of jazz?

It was used to spread jazz to New audiences

WHich major cities had jazz sciences by the mid-1920s?

London, Paris, Berlin, Shanghai, and even Soviet Russia initially

Why did Soviet Russia denounce their Jazz scene?

Joseph Stalin declared the genre “an expression of degenerate bourgeoisie capitalism”

When did Joseph Stalin come to power in Soviet Russia?

1928

How did social conservatives view jazz?

as immoral and dangerousWha

WHat did conservatives associate with jazz?

Alcojol, loose sexual mores, and low culture

What did colleges ban for “corrupting the youth?”

“vulgar, noisy jazz music”

Jazz was particularly popular in which venues?

speakeasies and other illicit venues

Jazz was seen as a threat by those with what types of values?

Anglo-Saxon values

How did conservatives attitudes toward jazz affect young people’s adoption of jazz?

Fueled jazz and its popularity among them

What term did James Weldon Johnson coin to describe the bloody surge in racial violence from April→November 2019?

Red Summer

Who coined the phrase “Red Summer?”

James Weldon Johnson

Who was James Weldon Johnson?

An African-AMerican author and civil rights activist

When was the Red Summer?

APril→November 2019

How many lynchings occurred in 1919?

76

The amount of lynchings in 1919 was the highest since which year?

1904

The number of lynchings in 1919 was what compared to the lynchings in 1917?

Nearly double

How many lynchings occurred in 1917?

36

How many major race riots occurred between 1915 and 1919?

18

Which cities are examples of cities affected by major race riots?

Philadelphia, Houston, Washington, D.C., Knoxville and Omaha

What term was used to describe organized attacks on African-Americans?

massacre

Which major massacre took place in Phillips county?

Elaine Massacre

What was the Elaine Massacre?

A massacre on African-AMerican Cotton farmers who protested the abuses of the sharecropping system by forming a union, which met at a local church which led to targeted violence on them.

What ethnicity was the majority in Phillips county>?

Black

What state is Phillips COunty in?

Arkansas

When did the sharecropper union in Phillips COunty meet at a church?

September 30

How did white mobs from neighboring areas to the church react to the meeting?

They wanted to extinguish nascent efforts at political organization