Lysosomes and Endocytic Transport

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30 Terms

1

digestion and recycling of intra/extracellular macromolecules, organelles, or microorganisms occurs in -

lysosomes

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2

lysosomes are enclosed by a single membrane whose lipids are highly - on the lumenal side for -

glycosylated, protection

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3

ATP-driven H+ pump maintains a pH of around - inside the lysosome

5

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4

lysosomes contain about 40 types of hydrolytic enzymes that all require a pH of - for optimal activity, such as -

5, acid hydrolases

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5

damage to cell/animal is avoided in two ways

  1. degradative enzymes are isolated in a - compartment, the -

  2. enzymes that can leak into the cytosol/extracellular space are - at pH -

separate, lysosome, inactive, 7.2

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6

lysosomal acid hydrolases are --tagged in the cis-golgi for delivery to lysosomes

M6P

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7

How are lysosomal acid hydrolases M6P tagged?

  1. lysosomal acid hydrolases are made on - and transported into the -

  2. in there, - occurs

  3. once moved to cis-golgi, a signal patch in the sequence is recognized by -

  4. the same enzyme transfers - to terminal mannose of the precursor sugar with a - bond

  5. then the GlcNAc is -, leaving the lysosomal acid hydrolase with a M6P tag on the - sugar ring at -

RER, RER lumen, glycosylation, GlcNAc phosphotransferase, GlcNAc, phosphodiester, removed, mannose, C6

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8

How do M6P-receptors work?

  1. M6P transmembrane receptors are found in -

  2. receptors bind to - (golgi side) and - proteins (cytosol side)

  3. --coated vesicles bud from - and are delivered to early endosomes

  4. in early endosomes, there is - (lower/higher) pH, causing - of M6P-hydrolase:receptor complex

  5. acid hydrolase is - and remains in early endosome, moved to -

  6. M6P receptor is recycled back to the - via - pathway

trans-golgi, M6P-tagged cargo, clathrin coat, clathrin, TGN, lower, dissociation, dephosphorylated, lysosome, TGN, retrieval

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9

lysosomal storage diseases are caused by - in one or more of the -

genetic defects, lysosomal acid hydrolases

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10

accumulation of - in defective lysosomes has severe pathological consequences, particularly in the -

undigested substrates, central nervous system

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11

inclusion-cell disease is when all the acid hydrolase enzymes are missing from the - of fibroblasts but are found circulating in the -

mutations occur in the GlcNAc phosphotransferase gene resulting in a lack of -

instead hydrolases are defaulted to be transported - of the cell via constitutive secretory pathway

lysosomes, blood

M6P-tagging

out

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12
<p>if this is endocytosis, which side is extracellular and cytosolic? why?</p>

if this is endocytosis, which side is extracellular and cytosolic? why?

top is extracellular, lower is cytosolic

coat proteins are always cytosolic

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13

three fates of endocytosed macromolecules

  1. recycling

  2. transcytosis

  3. processing/degradation

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14

transcytosis is when receptor:ligand complexes can be endocytosed on one side of the cell, transported - the cell and released through the - membrane

across, opposite

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15

if receptor and/or ligand molecules are not diverted into recycling transport vesicles from endosomes, they will end up in an endolysosome to be - or -

processed, degraded

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16
<p>How are glucose transporters regulated?</p><ol><li><p>when there is an - (increase/decrease) in concentration of glucose and insulin in the bloodstream, insulin binds to its -</p></li><li><p>budding of transport vesicles from -</p></li><li><p>delivers - back to the PM </p></li><li><p>increases - uptake</p></li></ol>

How are glucose transporters regulated?

  1. when there is an - (increase/decrease) in concentration of glucose and insulin in the bloodstream, insulin binds to its -

  2. budding of transport vesicles from -

  3. delivers - back to the PM

  4. increases - uptake

increase, receptor, recycling endosomes, glucose transporters, glucose

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17

How does receptor-mediated endocytosis work?

  1. signals cause - in the PM to pre-assemble into - coated vesicles

  2. extracellular ligands bound are therefore selectively - into the cell

transmembrane receptors, clathrin, endocytosed

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18

endocytic vesicles fuse to form -, which can fuse to form -

early endosomes, recycling endosomes

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19

early and recycling endosomes bud - that recycle endocytosed cargo back to the - or biosynthetic cargo back to the -

retrieval vesicles, PM, trans golgi

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20

early endosomes invaginate to evolve into - (MVB), which fuse with existing late endosomes or with each other to form (new) -

evolving endosomes and MVBs “motor” along - toward the interior of the cell

multivesicular bodies, late endosomes, microtubules

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21

late endosomes fuse with existing lysosomes into - or mature into -

endolysosomes, new lysosomes

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22

endosomes represent the cellular compartments where outside and inside macromolecules often -

meet

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23

three pathways to lysosomal digestion

  1. endocytosis

  2. phagocytosis

  3. autophagy

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24

endocytosis is when extracellular macromolecules enter cells by - and are delivered to an -

if extracellular molecules are not retrieved from -, they will eventually end-up in - for processing or degradation

endocytosis, early endosome

early endosomes, endolysosomes

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25

phagocytosis occurs when - (four types) cells ingest microorganisms and dead cells

macrophages, neutrophils, mast, and dendritic

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26

autophagy is used for the - of a cell’s - or - inside

natural turn-over, intracellular macromolecules, organelles

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27

opsonization is when antibodies that coat microbes also bind - on these cells and trigger -

Fc receptors, phagocytosis

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28

LPS of bacteria is directly recognized by a - (TLR4) on phagocytic cells

apoptotic cells that flip - to the - lipid bilayer are also recognized by phagocytic cells

pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptor

phosphatidyl serine, outer

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29

phagocytic cells extend - that engulf the target cell, enclosing the ingested cell inside a -

autophagosomes form inside the cytosol to engulf and digest expired -

pseudopods, phagosome

organelles

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30

autophagy occurs when auto/phagosomes fuse with - and their contents are degraded by the various -

intracellular lysosomes, acid hydrolases

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