Test #2 - PSY 110 - Gillis

Consciousness

Awareness of yourself your thoughts and your environment

Mark Test (Rouge/Mirror Test)

A test of self awareness where an individual recognizes a mark on their body using a mirror

Tarzan Syndrome

Failure to recognize oneself in a mirror due to lack of social experience

Altered States of Consciousness

Any state different from normal waking awareness such as sleep drugs hypnosis or meditation

Alpha Waves

Brain waves present when relaxed but awake

Beta Waves

Brain waves present when fully awake and alert

Sleep Stages

Cycles of NREM and REM sleep the brain goes through each night

REM Sleep

Stage of sleep with rapid eye movement and vivid dreaming

Circadian Rhythms

The body's biological clock regulating sleep wake cycles

Melatonin

Hormone that controls sleepiness and circadian rhythm

Hypnagogic State

The state between waking and sleeping

Repair Theory of Sleep

Sleep restores and repairs body and brain tissues

Adaptive Nonresponding Theory

Sleep evolved to keep organisms inactive during dangerous periods

Repression Hypothesis

Dreams reveal hidden unconscious desires

Activation Synthesis Hypothesis

Dreams are random brain activity the brain tries to make sense of

Problem Solving Hypothesis

Dreams help solve problems and process stress

Memory Consolidation Hypothesis

Dreams help store and organize memories

Manifest Content

The obvious storyline of a dream

Latent Content

The hidden psychological meaning of a dream

Six Types of Learning

Classical conditioning operant conditioning cognitive learning observational learning habituation sensitization

Ivan Pavlov

Studied classical conditioning using dogs that learned to associate a bell with food

Unconditioned Stimulus UCS

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Unconditioned Response UCR

The natural reaction to a UCS

Conditioned Stimulus CS

A learned stimulus that triggers a response

Conditioned Response CR

The learned reaction to the CS

Generalization

Responding to stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus

Discrimination

Distinguishing between different stimuli

Acquisition Training

Initial learning phase where CS and UCS are paired

Extinction Training

Weakening of a conditioned response when reinforcement stops

Spontaneous Recovery

Reappearance of a learned response after extinction

Systematic Desensitization

Gradual exposure to fear while using relaxation

Aversive Conditioning

Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus

Habituation

Decreased response after repeated exposure

Sensitization

Increased response after repeated exposure

Edward Thorndike

Studied learning using puzzle boxes

Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by rewards are strengthened punished behaviors weaken

Reward

Any consequence that increases behavior

Punishment

Any consequence that decreases behavior

B F Skinner

Studied operant conditioning and reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval variable interval

Negative Reinforcement

Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior

Punishment Operant

Adding something unpleasant or removing something pleasant to decrease behavior

Resistance to Extinction

Continued behavior after reinforcement stops strongest with partial schedules

Superstitious Behavior

Behavior repeated because random reinforcement makes it seem effective

Shaping Successive Approximation

Reinforcing steps toward a desired behavior

Chaining

Linking behaviors together into a sequence

Behavior Modification Behavioral Therapy

Using conditioning techniques to change behavior

Albert Bandura Bobo Doll Study

Showed children imitate aggressive behavior

Vicarious Reinforcement

Learning by seeing others rewarded

Vicarious Punishment

Learning by seeing others punished

No Trial Learning

Learning by observation without direct experience

Sensory Register

First stage of memory holding sensory info briefly

Iconic Memory

Visual sensory memory

Echoic Memory

Auditory sensory memory

Photographic Memory Eidetic Imagery

Extremely detailed visual memory

Tachistoscope

Device that flashes images quickly

Sperling Study

Demonstrated we remember more than we can report

Short Term Memory

Temporary storage with limited capacity about seven items

Chunking

Grouping information to increase memory capacity

Serial Position Effect

Remembering first and last items best

Primacy Effect

Better memory for first items

Recency Effect

Better memory for last items

Proactive Interference

Old info interferes with new learning

Retroactive Interference

New info interferes with old memories

Long Term Memory

Permanent storage of information

Episodic Memory

Memory of personal experiences

Semantic Memory

Memory of facts and knowledge

Procedural Memory

Memory of skills and actions

Deep Processing

Meaningful processing leads to strong memory

Shallow Processing

Surface level processing leads to weak memory

Retrograde Amnesia

Loss of past memories

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories

Decay Theory

Memories fade over time

Interference Theory

Memories compete with each other

Motivated Forgetting

Memories are pushed out due to emotional reasons

Elizabeth Loftus

Studied false and implanted memories

Erik Kandel

Used sea slugs and showed memory is linked to neuron changes

Engram

Physical trace of a memory in the brain

Planaria Research

Early research attempting to locate memory storage

Mnemonic Devices

Memory aids like acronyms rhymes and imagery

Instinct Theory

Behavior driven by inborn instincts

Sigmund Freud Eros

Life instinct focused on survival

Sigmund Freud Thanatos

Death instinct focused on aggression

Drive Reduction Theory

Behavior motivated by reducing physical discomfort

Optimal Level Arousal Theory

We seek optimal levels of stimulation

Yerkes Dodson Law

Best performance occurs at moderate arousal

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological safety love belonging esteem self actualization

Peak Experience

Moment of deep happiness and fulfillment

Social Learning Theory Motivation

We are motivated by observing others and expected outcomes

Insomnia

Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep

Sleep Apnea

Breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep

Narcolepsy

Sudden uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day

Night Terrors

Episodes of intense fear during sleep usually not remembered

Sleepwalking Somnambulism

Walking or performing behaviors while asleep

Consciousness

Awareness of yourself, your thoughts, and your environment.

Mark Test (Rouge/Mirror Test)

A test of self-awareness where an animal recognizes a mark on its body using a mirror.

Tarzan Syndrome

Failure to recognize oneself in a mirror due to lack of social learning or experience.

Altered States of Consciousness

States of awareness different from normal waking consciousness (sleep, hypnosis, drugs, meditation).

Alpha Waves

Brain waves produced when relaxed but awake.

Beta Waves

Brain waves produced when alert and fully awake.