APUSH Chapter 28 Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt

Henry Demarest Lloyd

attacked the Standard Oil Company in 1894 with his book Wealth Against Commonwealth

Jacob A. Riis

1890 with How the Other Half Lives which described the dark and dirty slums of New York. Also a photographer

Muckrakers

This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.

Lincoln Steffens

1902 - launched a series of articles in McClure's (popular magazine) titled "The Shame of the Cities" which unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government.

Ida M. Tarbell

published a devastating but factual depiction of the Standard Oil Company.

David G. Phillips

The Treason of the Senate" in Cosmopolitan that charged that 75 of the 90 senators did not represent the people but they rather represented railroads and trusts.

Ray Stannard

Wrote Following the Color Line (1908) which showed the suppression of America's blacks

John Spargo

wrote of the abuses of child labor inThe Bitter Cry of the Children (1906).

What were the 2 goals of progressives?

To use STATE power to control the trusts; and to stem the socialist threat by generally improving the common person's conditions of life and labor

What were the 4 government changes the progressives supported?

Primary elections, initiative, referendum, and recall

initiative

allowed all citizens to introduce a bill into the legislative and required members to take a vote on it

referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

recall

the act of removing an official by petition

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators (1913)

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages (1919)

19th Amendment

gave women the right to vote (1919)

Robert La Follette

1901 - the governor of Wisconsin and significant figure of the progressive era, took considerable control from the corrupt corporations and returned it to the people, attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary

Hiram W. Johnson

Governor of California helped to break the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics in 1910.

Women's Trade Union League

Founded in 1903, this group worked to organize women into trade unions. It also lobbied for laws to safeguard female workers and backed several successful strikes, especially in the garment industry. It accepted all women who worked, regardless of skill, and while it never attracted many members, its leaders were influential enough to give the Union considerable power.

National Consumers League.

formed in the 1890's under the leadership of Florence Kelly, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions.

Square Deal

Roosevelt's progressive platform that consisted of the 3 C's: consumer protection, conservation, and control of corporations.

What happened in PA in 1902?

Coal miners went on strike and demanded a 20% increase pay and shorter work hours (10 to 9). The leader of the miners, George F Baer, refused to negotiate with TR so TR threatened to send federal troops to PA. Finally, a compromise was made - 10% increase and the hour work reduction.

Department of Commerce in 1903

[Control of corporations] Created by congress to address hostilities between capital and labor (like with the coal miner strike) , assisting the welfare and working conditions of the general worker. It was empowered to investigate and report illegal corporative activities.

Elkins Act

[Control of corporations] meant to counter the loopholes of the ICC, passed in 1903, forbade rebates and allowed for heavy fines to be places on companies that gave out rebates and those who accepted them. (Railroad companies would offer rebates as incentives for companies to use their rail lines.)

Hepburn Act of 1906

[Control of corporations] meant to counter the loopholes of the ICC, passed in 1906, forbade free passes and expanded the ICC to include express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines. The free passes were free shipments that encouraged future business deals between companies and the railroads.

Northern Securities Company

A railroad company that tried to achieve a monopoly over the Northwest in 1902. Supreme Court ruled TR's challenges valid and they were forced to dissolve.

Meat Inspection Act of 1906

[Consumer protection] The act stated that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection. (because an illness spread over seas due to American meat)

What "motherly" role did women play in the progressive era?

Worked to protect food and ban child labor

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

[Consumer protection] designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals.

Desert Land Act of 1887

[Conservation] Said that the federal government could sell dry land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser would irrigate the soil within 3 years.

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

[Conservation] Authorized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves

Carey Act of 1894

[Conservation] Distributed federal land to the states on the condition that it be irrigated and settled. (Difference between this and the Desert Land Act is that this was sold to states, not individuals)

Newlands Act of 1902

TR encouraged this law to be passed, which authorized the federal government to collect money from the sale of public lands in western states and then use these funds for the development of irrigation projects.

In _______, TR attempted to preserve the nation's shrinking forest by _________________

1900 - setting aside 125 million acres of land in federal reserves.

multiple-use resource management

developed by progressional foresters and engineers, this policy sought to combine recreation, sustained-yield logging, watershed protection, and summer stock grazing on the same expanse of federal land.

Theodore Roosevelts Term

1901-1909

"Roosevelt Panic" of 1907

short economic downturn; blamed on roosevelt for changing economy by unsettling the industries with his anti-trust tactics. (blamed for his square deal progressive reform)

Aldrich-Vreeland Act in 1908

passed in response to the panic of 1907, this act authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral. (security pledged for the payment of a loan)

1908 Election

Republican Party chose William Howard Taft, secretary of war to Theodore Roosevelt. The Democratic Party chose William Jennings Bryan.

Dollar diplomacy

President Taft encouraged Wall Street bankers to invest in foreign areas of strategic interest to the United States, strengthened American defenses and foreign policies, while bringing prosperity to America.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Philander C. Knox

Secretary of State under Taft

What happened with Taft and Manchuria?

He thought Manchuria was being monopolized by Russia and Japan so Philander C Knox proposed that a group of American and foreign bankers buy the Manchurian railroads and then turn them over to China. Both Japan and Russia flatly rejected the selling of their railroads.

Standard Oil Company case in 1911

the Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company, stating that it violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890.

"rule of reason"

Doctrine created by congress in 1911, stated that only those trusts that unreasonably restrained trade were illegal.

Payne-Aldrich Bill in 1909

Signed by Taft, a tariff bill that placed a high tariff on many imports. With the signing, Taft betrayed his campaign promises of lowering the tariff.

Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel

in 1910 -Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate development, he was criticized by chief of the Agriculture Department's Division of Forestry, Gifford Pinchot. When Taft dismissed Pinchot, much protest arose from conservationists.

National Progressive Republican League

Formed in 1911 by La Follette, to be republican primary candidate

Taft-Roosevelt explosion

June 1912 - Republican convention met in Chicago. When it came time to vote, the Roosevelt supporters claimed fraud and in the end refused to vote. Taft subsequently won the Republican NOMINATION.