Chapters 3 & 9: Cell Adaptation, Inflammation, and Repair

atrophy

cell decreasing in size

hypertrophy

cell increasing in size

hyperplasia

increase in cell number

metaplasia

population of protective cells replace less protective cells (normal body process)

dysplasia

pre-cancerous, alteration in cell/tissue growth

examples of hypertrophy

left ventricle due to hypertension, bladder wall due to enlarged prostate

hyperplasia examples

breast cells during pregnancy, endometrium during ovulation

metaplasia examples

squamous cells replacing glandular cells in the cervix, glandular cells replacing squamous cells in the esophagus

stressed cells may fill up with (3):

normal body substances, abnormal endogenous substances, abnormal exogenous substances

injurious agents (5)

physical, radiation, chemical, biologic agents, nutritional imbalances

free radicals

chemicals with an unpaired electron in the outer electron shell

hypoxia causes ___

ATP depletion

Cells maintain cytosolic calcium at a ____ level.

low

apoptosis

cell suicide to stop damage from getting worse

necrotic cell death

unregulated death caused by injuries to cells

dry gangrene

lack of arterial blood supply but venous flow can carry fluid out of tissue

wet gangrene

lack of venous flow lets fluid accumulate in tissue

gas gangrene

hydrogen sulfide bubbles in muscle

How do cells change with aging?

the telomeres become short so that the cell can no longer divide

hydropic change

swelling, accumulation of water

types of radiation injuries

ionizing, nonionizing

inflammation

an innate automatic response to cell injury

inflammation effects (4)

neutralizes harmful agents, removes damaged and dead tissue, generates new tissue, promotes healing

first line of immune defense

barriers to entry (skin, saliva, mucus, tears)

second line of immune defense

non-specific immunity (anti-microbial substances, phagocytic WBCs, NK cells)

third line of immune defense

specific immunity, T & B cells

granulocytes

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells

agranulocytes

monocytes, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes

inflammation 5 cardinal signs

rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, functio laesa (redness, swelling, heat, pain, temporary loss of function)

phases of inflammation

vascular phase, cellular phase, leukocyte activation and phagocytosis

vascular phase of inflammation (exudation)

extravascular influx of fluids with high concentration of proteins, salts, cells; fluid brings antibodies and chemotactic substances to injured area

cellular phase of inflammation

adhesion, diapedesis, chemotaxis, phagocytosis

opsonization

coats surface of microbes with antibodies to prevent spread

corticosteroids

NSAIDs

nonselective COX inhibitors

COX-2 selective inhibitors

granuloma

area of tissue that has undergone chronic inflammation, not purposeful or helpful

principle components of a granuloma (6)

lymphocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages, epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells, fibrous connective tissue

regeneration

replacing damaged cells

repair

scar-tissue formation—maintains structure but not function

parenchyma

functional tissue of an organ

stroma

organ maintenance (support tissue)

labile cells

divide whole life, constant cell division

stable cells

somewhat specialized, mostly stable in adulthood

permanent or fixed cells

very specialized cells

nerve cells require support from ____

neuroglia

phases of regeneration

inflammatory, proliferative, remodeling

phase of regeneration: inflammatory

hours to days: increased capillary permeability, diapedesis, coagulation

phase of regeneration: proliferative

days to weeks: budding capillaries, influx of macrophages, influx of fibroblasts & collagen

phase of regeneration: remodeling

weeks to months: tissue function/strength is close to, but does not exceed, original tissue

scars are produced by ____

fibrosis

collagen has ____ strength

tensile (doesn’t pull apart easily)

revascularization

angiogenesis

granulation tissue

pink/granular appearance as new blood vessels form

abrasion

scraping injury

primary intention

incision, severing

secondary intention

wound edges not closely apposed, more granulation tissue and wound contraction

How long does it take for cells from the basement membrane to reach the surface?

24-28 days

myofibroblasts

exist at edges of wound, pull the edges close together to minimize scar tissue formation

Epithelial cells are what kind of cells?

labile

Glandular cells are what kind of cells?

stabile

Nervous cells are what kind of cells?

permanent

Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells are what kind of cells?

permanent

Smooth muscle cells are what kind of cells?

stabile

PNS healing is more efficient than CNS healing due to ____

Schwann cells

contracture

damage to large areas, collagen displays exaggerated wound contracting, limits mobility and lumen of organ

adhesions

union of serous membranes, restricts movement

dehiscence

wound breaking open due to pressure applies to healing tissues

keloids

excess transforming growth factor, excess fibroblast producgtion

proud flesh

excess granulation tissue, can interfere with surface restoration

most important factors affecting wound healing (6)

blood flow/oxygen, age, nutrition, immune status, infection, foreign bodies