Study Lecture One - Chapter 1: Matter and Measurements (States of Matter, Phase Transitions, and Sig Figs)
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Flashcards covering states of matter, phase transitions, molecular composition (elements, compounds, molecules), density of ice, basic unit conversions, and significant figures rules.
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What are the three fundamental states of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas.
Why does ice float on water?
Ice is less dense than liquid water due to its molecular arrangement.
What phase change is solid turning directly into a gas?
Sublimation.
What phase change is gas turning directly into a solid?
Deposition.
What phase change is solid turning into a liquid?
Melting.
What phase change is liquid turning into a solid?
Freezing.
What phase change is liquid turning into a gas?
Vaporization (evaporation/boiling).
What phase change is gas turning into a liquid?
Condensation.
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms chemically bonded.
What is an element?
A pure substance consisting of only one type of atom.
What is a compound?
A substance composed of two or more elements chemically bonded.
What is a pure substance?
A substance with a definite composition; elements or compounds.
Can compounds be broken down by physical means?
No; they can only be broken down by chemical reactions.
What is an atom?
The smallest unit of an element, a particle of one type of element.
What does monatomic mean?
A molecule consisting of a single atom (e.g., noble gases).
What does diatomic mean?
A molecule consisting of two atoms (e.g., O2, N2).
What does triatomic mean?
A molecule consisting of three atoms (e.g., CO2, O3).
What causes ice to have a lower density than water?
The open, lattice-like arrangement in ice leads to lower density.
Which two elements are the first on the periodic table?
Hydrogen and Helium.
What is ice chemically?
A compound (water, H2O) made of two elements.
What is a diatomic molecule?
A molecule consisting of two atoms.
What is a triatomic molecule?
A molecule consisting of three atoms.
What is 1 inch in centimeters?
2.54 cm.
What is 1 pound in grams?
453.6 g.
How many liters are in a gallon?
Approximately 3.785 L.
How many meters are in a kilometer?
1000 m.
How many centimeters are in a meter?
100 cm.
How many inches are in a foot?
12 inches.
How many feet are in a mile?
5,280 feet.
How many meters are in a mile?
Approximately 1,609.344 m.
What are the first two elements on the periodic table?
Hydrogen and Helium.
What is ice (H2O) classified as?
A compound composed of two elements (hydrogen and oxygen) bonded.
What is a molecule in terms of atoms?
Two or more atoms chemically bonded.
What is a diatomic molecule example?
Oxygen (O2) or Nitrogen (N2) — two atoms bonded.
What are significant figures (sig figs)?
Digits that carry meaning about precision in a number.
Rule 1 of sig figs
All nonzero digits are significant.
Rule 2 of sig figs
Leading zeros are not significant.
Rule 3 of sig figs
Captive zeros between nonzero digits are significant.
Rule 4 of sig figs
Trailing zeros with a decimal point are significant; without a decimal point, trailing zeros may be ambiguous.
Rule 5 of sig figs
Exact numbers have unlimited significant figures.
sig figs for multiplication/division
The result has as many sig figs as the least precise factor.
sig figs for addition/subtraction
Round to the least precise decimal place.
What is 1 mile in kilometers (approx.)?
Approximately 1.60934 km.