Exam 1: Human Anatomy

_muscle has long, unbranched, uninucleate cells with distinct actin-myosin lines and it voluntary

Skeletal

_ muscle has short, branched, uninucleate cells with distinct lines and is involuntary

Cardiac

_muscle is short, unbranched, uninucleate cells without distinct lines and is involuntary

Smooth

Muscle cells wrapped by _ into fibers, wrapped by _ into fascicles, wrapped by the _ into muscles

Endomysium; Perimysium; Epimysium

Tendons are _ _ connective tissue that attaches muscles to bone. It connects to the periosteum, which is around the bone.

Dense regular

If a tendon connects to the cartilage rather than the bone, then it connects to the _. (flat tendon)

Aponeurosis

Ligaments are made from _ _ connective tissue and attaches bone to _.

Dense regular; bone

Muscle that most causes a movement

Prime mover/agonist

Assists a prime mover

Synergist

Muscle reverses another movement

Antagonist

Label the facial muscles

The Occipitofrontalis muscles originates on (4 places) and inserts on the _.

occipital, occipitalis belly, epicranial aponeurosis, frontalis belly; skin

What is the action of the Orbicularis Oculi?

Closes eye

What is the action of the Orbicularis Oris?

Purses the mouth

The Zygomaticus originates on the _, and inserts on the corner of the _.

Zygomatic; mouth

What is the action of the Zygomaticus?

Smile

The _ originates on multiple on the underside of the skull and inserts on the _.

Buccinator ;Orbicularis oris

The _ is superficial and extends from the lower face down anterior neck to shoulders.

Platysma

The Platysma originates and inserts on the _.

Dermis (skin)

The Masseter muscle originates on the _ & _ (zygomatic arch) and inserts on the lateral _.

Zygomatic; Temporal; Mandible

The Temporalis muscle originates on the _ (+frontal and parietal) under the zygomatic arch and inserts on the _ process of the mandible

Temporal; Coronoid

The lateral and medial Pterygoideus originates on the underside of the _, and inserts on the medial _.

Cranium; Mandible

What are the jaw closing muscles?

Masseter, Temporalis, Pterygoideus

What are the jaw opening muscles?

Hyoid stabilizes and Mandible depressor

What are the hyoid stabilizers? (4)

Omohyoid; Sternothyroid; Thyrohyoid; Sternohyoid

What are the Mandible Depressors (primary movers) (3)?

Mylohyoid; Anterior and Posterior Diagastric

Label the abdominal muscles

The _ bends the head forward and to the side

Sternocleidomastoid

The _ upper portion pulls the head back; The middle and lower portions move the _.

Trapezius; Scapula

The _ , _ , & _ intercostals bewteen the ribs life and contract rib cage while breathing

External, Internal, Innermost

The intercostal muscles are overlain by muscles moving the _ & _(2 words)

Arms; Pectoral girdle

What muscles move the scapula(pectoral girdle muscles)? (4)

Rhomboideus minor & major; Levator scapulae; Trapezius; Serratus anterior

The Rhomboideus minor (superior) and major (inferior) originator on the _ processes of the vertebrae and insert on the _ scapula; They’re deep

Spinous; Medial

The _ _ originiates on the cranium and inserts the the superior scapula

Levator scapulae

The trapezius originates on the _ process of the vertebrae and inserts on the _&_ scapula; Superficial

Spinous; Dorsal;Medial

The serratus anterior originates on the _ ribs and inserts in the inferior lateral scapula. It moves the scapula _.

Anteriolateral; Laterally

The latissimus dorsi originates in the _ process of the vertebrae and inserts on the inferior had of the _

Spinous; Humerus

The skeletal system provides the _ for the human body and composes about 14% of your weight.

framework

The tissues that primarily compose the skeletal system are bone, cartilage, dense regular connective tissue, and Dense _ Connective Tissue (periosteum)

Irregular

The skeletal system provides support, facilitation of movement, and _.

protection

Bone matrix calcium and phosphorus are used to maintain _ levels.

blood

Red bone marrow cells are responsible for _.

blood cell production (hematopoiesis)

Yellow bone marrow cells store and release _ for energy.

fat

Compact bone is _, hard bone with osteons around blood vessels.

dense

Spongy (cancellous) bone consists of bone _ (trabeculae).

struts

_ form bone, osteocytes maintain bone, and osteoclasts dissolve bone.

osteoblasts

Bone is well _ and innervated.

vascularized

The _ is the long shaft of a long bone.

diaphysis

The _ are the bone ends, often with articular cartilages.

epiphysis

The _ is located between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

metaphysis

Projections on bones include bumps, processes, protuberances, tubercles, and _ (rounded, articulates).

condyles

A rough bump on a bone is called a _.

tuberosity

A hole in a bone is called a _.

foramen

Bone types include long, flat, irregular, short, and _.

sesamoid

_ is the formation of bone.

ossification

In endochondral ossification, bone replaces _ (hyaline).

cartilage

In intramembranous ossification, bone replaces collagen-rich _.

connective tissue

A fracture is a _ bone.

broken

In a _ fracture, the skin is intact.

closed

In an open/_ fracture, the broken end projects from the skin.

compound

The _ is the largest human organ

Skin

The epidermis is the _ layer of the skin and is made up of _ _ epithelium

Stratified squamous

The epidermis is full of dead surface cells filled with _ protein>

Keratin

The dermis is made up of _ and _ irregular connective tissue

Loose, Dense

The hypodermis is made up of _ _ connective tissue

loose irregular

_ gives the surface of the skin its durability.

Keratin

Most fat is stored in the _.

Hypodermis

The layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial are:

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

Avascular

The stratum basale contains the _ membrane and is the place where _ _ happens.

Basement, cell division

Melanocytes are produced in the stratum _.

Basale.

The stratum _ is the thick middle layer where cells mature.

Spinosum

As cells get older, they move more _

Superficially

The stratum _ starts making a ton of _ and gets ready to die

Granulosum, keratin

As cells age, they acquire more and more _ (cornified)

Keratin

The dermis is made up of _ & _ connective tissue (vascular)

Loose, dense

The _ layer (stratum laxum) of the dermis is superficial and forms papillae

papillary

The _ layer of the dermis (stratum compactum) is deep and dense

Reticular

_ is a pigment cell that contains melanin (brown-black protein) in _.

Melanocyte; melanosomes

_ is a pigment in the dermis and hypodermis. It gives a light component to skin complextion

Carotene

Blushing occurs when blood vessels…

Expand and increase blood flow

Stratum _ cells are particularly active to produce the hair

basale

The epidermis dips into the dermis and forms _ and _ glands associated with hair follicles

Sweat; sebaceous

The hair and nails are composed of dead _ cells

Keratin

The layers of the hair from deep to superficial are:

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

The epidermis dips into the dermis and forms hair follicles with a bulb at the base around the _ _

Dermal papilla

The _ is the cuticle on the nail surface

epinychium

The _ is under the end of the nail

hyponychium

_ sweat glands make watery sweat

Eccrine

_ sweat glands make “smelly” sweat

Apocrine

_ glands make cerumen (earwax)

Ceruminous

_ glands can make milk

Mammary

What are the 4 functions of the skin?

Protection, Senses, Thermoregulation, and Vitamin D Synthesis

What does the stratum corneum protect the skin from? (4)

Drying, UV light, abrasion, and microorganisms

During _, walls of blood vessels in the dermis expand to _heat, and contract to _ heat.

Thermoregulation; radiate; conserve

_ occurs when there is a buildup of stratum corneum cells

Acne

A wound is repaired when a _ forms a scab and stratum _ cells divide and dermal fibroblasts repair _.

Blot clot; basale; collagen

Bedsores occur when a constant pressure blocks blood flow and then causes localized _ death

Cell

Calluses and Corns occur when frequent abrasion cause an increase in stratum _ division that thickens the skin, especially stratum _.

Basale; Corneum

_ occurs when melanocytes builds a mutation and becomes cancerous.

Melanoma