UNIT 2 REVIEW HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

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Created in 2022 for P. Hammond's AP Human Geography course.

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47 Terms

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Demography
the study of population (2.1)
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Carrying Capacity
the number of people that can live on a certain plane given the available resources (2.1)
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4 major population clusters on Earth
east Asia, south Asia, southeast Asia, and Europe (2.1)
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4 human factors that influence the distribution of population
economic, political, cultural, historical (2.1)
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Ecumene
the portion of Earth's surface inhabited by people (2.1)
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Malthusian Theory
Thomas Malthus; states that population grows exponentially while food supply grows arithmetically– population grows faster than agriculture can catch up with (2.1)
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Neo-Malthusians
belief that population will eventually crash due to lack of resources to accommodate population (2.1)
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Pronatalist Policy vs. Antinatalist Policy
supports higher birth rates vs. supports lower birth rates (2.1)
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Arithmetic Population Equation
total # of people / total land area (2.2)
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Physiological Population Equation
total # of people / total arable land (2.2)
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Agricultural Population Equation
total # of farmers / total arable land (2.2)
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Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
the % by which a population grows in a year, does not include immigration; found by CBR / CDR (2.2)
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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
total # of live births in a year per 1000 people (2.2)
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Crude Death Rate (CDR)
total # of deaths in a year per 1000 people (2.2)
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Doubling Time
the amount of time it will take for a population to double in its current size; found by 70 / NIR (2.2)
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
average number of babies a woman will have in child-bearing years– ages 15-49; found by the sum of the age-specific birth rates multiplied by 5 (2.2)
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Zero Population Growth
when TFR = 2.1 (2.2)
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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
# of infants less than one year old deaths per 1000 births (2.2)
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Cohorts
single bar left or right of the origin line on a population pyramid (2.3)
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Sex Ratio
# of males vs. # of females– 1.05 is world sex ratio (2.3 & 2.5)
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(Pre/Post)Reproductive Ages
pre-reproductive ages: 0-14
reproductive ages: 14-44
post-reproductive ages: 45+ (2.3)
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4 common shapes of population pyramids
triangle, extended triangle, column, reduced pentagon (2.3)
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Demographic Momentum
when the birth rates drop but population stays growing/steady (2.3)
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Dependency Ratio
# of non-workers (too old or too young) vs. # in workforce (2.3)
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Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
graph that refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education, and economic development, as well as the stages between these two scenarios (2.4)
graph that refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education, and economic development, as well as the stages between these two scenarios (2.4)
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First Stage Nation Characteristics
CBR: very high
CDR: very high
NIR: very low
Dependency ratio: high (lots of young)
Economy: hunter-gatherer
Role of Women: traditional
NO COUNTRIES ARE FIRST STAGE MODERN DAY (2.4)
CBR: very high
CDR: very high
NIR: very low
Dependency ratio: high (lots of young)
Economy: hunter-gatherer
Role of Women: traditional
NO COUNTRIES ARE FIRST STAGE MODERN DAY (2.4)
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Second Stage Nation Characteristics
CBR: high
CDR: rapidly declining
NIR: very high
Dependency ratio: high (lots of young, but less than stage 1)
Economy: agricultural
Role of Women: traditional
Examples: most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Yemen, Afghanistan (2.4)
CBR: high
CDR: rapidly declining
NIR: very high
Dependency ratio: high (lots of young, but less than stage 1)
Economy: agricultural
Role of Women: traditional
Examples: most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Yemen, Afghanistan (2.4)
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Third Stage Nation Characteristics
CBR: rapidly declining
CDR: moderately declining
NIR: moderate
Dependency ratio: moderate (young > old)
Economy: industrial
Role of Women: improving; new opportunity + contraception access
Examples: India, Mexico, South Africa (2.4)
CBR: rapidly declining
CDR: moderately declining
NIR: moderate
Dependency ratio: moderate (young > old)
Economy: industrial
Role of Women: improving; new opportunity + contraception access
Examples: India, Mexico, South Africa (2.4)
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Fourth Stage Nation Characteristics
CBR: very low
CDR: low/slight increase
NIR: negative
Dependency ratio: low (lots of workers)
Economy: post-industrial (corporate)
Role of Women: near equal
Examples: USA, China, South Korea (2.4)
CBR: very low
CDR: low/slight increase
NIR: negative
Dependency ratio: low (lots of workers)
Economy: post-industrial (corporate)
Role of Women: near equal
Examples: USA, China, South Korea (2.4)
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Fifth Stage Nation Characteristics
CBR: extremely low
CDR: increasing
NIR: negative
Dependency ratio: high (lots of elderly)
Economy: post-industrial (very corporate)
Role of Women: near equal; value career over children
Examples: Japan, Germany, Greece (2.4)
CBR: extremely low
CDR: increasing
NIR: negative
Dependency ratio: high (lots of elderly)
Economy: post-industrial (very corporate)
Role of Women: near equal; value career over children
Examples: Japan, Germany, Greece (2.4)
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Epidemiological Transition
model that follows DTM to measure health threats at each stage (2.4)
model that follows DTM to measure health threats at each stage (2.4)
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Life Expectancy
the average number of years an individual can be expected to live given the current social, economic, and medical conditions (2.5)
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Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
the annual number of deaths per 100,000 life births due to pregnancy (2.5)
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Migration
a permanent move to a new location (2.6)
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Push Factors
negative factors that induce people to move OUT OF their present location (2.6)
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Pull Factors
positive factors that induce people to move TO a new location (2.6)
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Interregional vs. Intraregional
moving from one place to another vs. moving within one location (2.6)
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Migration throughout DTM Stages
Stage 1: high mobility/nomadic
Stage 2: rural
Stage 3: urban
Stage 4&5: suburban (2.6)
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Forced Migration
when the migrant has been compelled to move by political or environmental factors; slavery is the largest forced migration in history (2.6)
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Refugees
individuals forced to migrate to another country to avoid something, usually war or persecution (2.6)
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Internally Displaced Person
refugees that are not across the international boundary (2.6)
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Asylum Seekers
someone migrated to another country in HOPE of refugee status (2.6)
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Transhumance
modern-day animal herding nomadism for most suitable terrain during each season; most common in Europe (2.6)
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Chain Migration
migration to be with other people, usually family (2.6)
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Guest Worker
a person with temporary residency due to a program that allows immigration for workers for a given time (2.6)
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Remittances
money sent by immigrants back to family in their home country (2.6)
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Brain Drain
large-scale emigration by talented people to places with better economic opportunities (2.6)