UNIT 2 REVIEW HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Created in 2022 for P. Hammond's AP Human Geography course.

Demography

Demography

the study of population (2.1)

Carrying Capacity

the number of people that can live on a certain plane given the available resources (2.1)

4 major population clusters on Earth

east Asia, south Asia, southeast Asia, and Europe (2.1)

4 human factors that influence the distribution of population

economic, political, cultural, historical (2.1)

Ecumene

the portion of Earth's surface inhabited by people (2.1)

Malthusian Theory

Thomas Malthus; states that population grows exponentially while food supply grows arithmetically– population grows faster than agriculture can catch up with (2.1)

Neo-Malthusians

belief that population will eventually crash due to lack of resources to accommodate population (2.1)

Pronatalist Policy vs. Antinatalist Policy

supports higher birth rates vs. supports lower birth rates (2.1)

Arithmetic Population Equation

total # of people / total land area (2.2)

Physiological Population Equation

total # of people / total arable land (2.2)

Agricultural Population Equation

total # of farmers / total arable land (2.2)

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

the % by which a population grows in a year, does not include immigration; found by CBR / CDR (2.2)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

total # of live births in a year per 1000 people (2.2)

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

total # of deaths in a year per 1000 people (2.2)

Doubling Time

the amount of time it will take for a population to double in its current size; found by 70 / NIR (2.2)

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

average number of babies a woman will have in child-bearing years– ages 15-49; found by the sum of the age-specific birth rates multiplied by 5 (2.2)

Zero Population Growth

when TFR = 2.1 (2.2)

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

of infants less than one year old deaths per 1000 births (2.2)

Cohorts

single bar left or right of the origin line on a population pyramid (2.3)

Sex Ratio

of males vs. # of females– 1.05 is world sex ratio (2.3 & 2.5)

(Pre/Post)Reproductive Ages

pre-reproductive ages: 0-14 reproductive ages: 14-44 post-reproductive ages: 45+ (2.3)

4 common shapes of population pyramids

triangle, extended triangle, column, reduced pentagon (2.3)

Demographic Momentum

when the birth rates drop but population stays growing/steady (2.3)

Dependency Ratio

of non-workers (too old or too young) vs. # in workforce (2.3)

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

graph that refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education, and economic development, as well as the stages between these two scenarios (2.4)

First Stage Nation Characteristics

CBR: very high CDR: very high NIR: very low Dependency ratio: high (lots of young) Economy: hunter-gatherer Role of Women: traditional NO COUNTRIES ARE FIRST STAGE MODERN DAY (2.4)

Second Stage Nation Characteristics

CBR: high CDR: rapidly declining NIR: very high Dependency ratio: high (lots of young, but less than stage 1) Economy: agricultural Role of Women: traditional Examples: most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Yemen, Afghanistan (2.4)

Third Stage Nation Characteristics

CBR: rapidly declining CDR: moderately declining NIR: moderate Dependency ratio: moderate (young > old) Economy: industrial Role of Women: improving; new opportunity + contraception access Examples: India, Mexico, South Africa (2.4)

Fourth Stage Nation Characteristics

CBR: very low CDR: low/slight increase NIR: negative Dependency ratio: low (lots of workers) Economy: post-industrial (corporate) Role of Women: near equal Examples: USA, China, South Korea (2.4)

Fifth Stage Nation Characteristics

CBR: extremely low CDR: increasing NIR: negative Dependency ratio: high (lots of elderly) Economy: post-industrial (very corporate) Role of Women: near equal; value career over children Examples: Japan, Germany, Greece (2.4)

Epidemiological Transition

model that follows DTM to measure health threats at each stage (2.4)

Life Expectancy

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live given the current social, economic, and medical conditions (2.5)

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

the annual number of deaths per 100,000 life births due to pregnancy (2.5)

Migration

a permanent move to a new location (2.6)

Push Factors

negative factors that induce people to move OUT OF their present location (2.6)

Pull Factors

positive factors that induce people to move TO a new location (2.6)

Interregional vs. Intraregional

moving from one place to another vs. moving within one location (2.6)

Migration throughout DTM Stages

Stage 1: high mobility/nomadic Stage 2: rural Stage 3: urban Stage 4&5: suburban (2.6)

Forced Migration

when the migrant has been compelled to move by political or environmental factors; slavery is the largest forced migration in history (2.6)

Refugees

individuals forced to migrate to another country to avoid something, usually war or persecution (2.6)

Internally Displaced Person

refugees that are not across the international boundary (2.6)

Asylum Seekers

someone migrated to another country in HOPE of refugee status (2.6)

Transhumance

modern-day animal herding nomadism for most suitable terrain during each season; most common in Europe (2.6)

Chain Migration

migration to be with other people, usually family (2.6)

Guest Worker

a person with temporary residency due to a program that allows immigration for workers for a given time (2.6)

Remittances

money sent by immigrants back to family in their home country (2.6)

Brain Drain

large-scale emigration by talented people to places with better economic opportunities (2.6)