APUSH Ch. 8 Terms

2nd Bank of the United States

Chartered in 1816 for 20 years, this central bank regulated currency and credit. It became a major political issue when Andrew Jackson opposed its recharter, leading to the "Bank War" of the 1830s.

Francis Cabot Lowell

Boston merchant who revolutionized American textile manufacturing by establishing the integrated factory system in Waltham, Massachusetts (1813), combining all stages of textile production under one roof.

Protective Tariff of 1816

First major protective tariff designed to shield American manufacturing from British competition after the War of 1812. Set duties at about 20-25% on imported goods.

Factor System

Credit and marketing system in the antebellum South where factors (agents) in port cities provided loans to planters, marketed their crops, and supplied goods, creating cycles of debt dependency.

Panic of 1819

First major economic depression in US history, caused by overspeculation in western lands, bank failures, and falling agricultural prices. Led to widespread unemployment and farm foreclosures.

American System

Henry Clay's economic program promoting internal improvements, a national bank, and protective tariffs to create a -sufficient national economy.

Tariff of Abominations

The highly protective Tariff of 1828 that raised duties to about 50%, benefiting Northern manufacturers but hurting Southern consumers, leading to the nullification crisis.

Black Belt

Fertile crescent of dark soil across Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia that became the heart of cotton cultivation and slave-based plantation agriculture.

William Becknell

"Father of the Santa Fe Trail" who opened regular trade between Missouri and Santa Fe in 1821, establishing a crucial commercial route to Mexican territory.

Santa Fe Trail

900-mile trade route from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico, facilitating commerce between the US and Mexican territories from 1821-1880.

Rocky Mountain Fur Company

Fur trading company founded in 1822 by William Ashley and Andrew Henry, employing the "rendezvous system" for collecting pelts from mountain men.

Astor's American Fur Company

John Jacob Astor's monopolistic fur trading empire, established in 1808, that dominated the Great Lakes and western fur trade until the 1840s.

Mountain Men

Independent fur trappers and explorers who lived in the Rocky Mountains, serving as guides and scouts while opening western territories to later settlement.

Stephen Long

Army explorer who led expeditions (1819-1820) that mapped the Great Plains, which he incorrectly labeled the "Great American Desert," discouraging settlement.

Monroe's Goodwill Tour

President James Monroe's 1817 tour of New England and the West, symbolizing national unity and the end of partisan divisions after the War of 1812.

Era of Good Feelings

Period of apparent political harmony during Monroe's presidency (1817-1825), marked by the temporary decline of partisan politics and Federalist Party collapse.

Election of 1824

Four-way presidential race with no electoral majority, decided by the House of Representatives in favor of John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson.

Corrupt Bargain

Andrew Jackson's accusation that Henry Clay made a deal with John Quincy Adams to become Secretary of State in exchange for delivering the 1824 presidency to Adams.

Election of 1828

Andrew Jackson's decisive victory over John Quincy Adams, marking the rise of mass democratic politics and the common man's political participation.

National Republicans

Political party formed around John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, supporting federal funding for internal improvements and a strong national government.

Democratic Republicans

Jefferson's original party that evolved into Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party, emphasizing states' rights, limited federal government, and westward expansion.

Henry Clay

Kentucky senator known as the "Great Compromiser" who crafted the Missouri Compromise and promoted the American System of economic development.

John Quincy Adams

Sixth president (1825-1829) and Monroe's Secretary of State, architect of continental expansion policy and the Monroe Doctrine.

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819 agreement with Spain that acquired Florida for the US and established the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase.

Seminole War

Andrew Jackson's controversial 1817-1818 military campaign in Spanish Florida against Seminole Indians, which helped pressure Spain to cede Florida.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 foreign policy declaration warning European powers against further colonization or intervention in the Western Hemisphere while promising US non-interference in European affairs.

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state while prohibiting slavery north of 36°30' in the Louisiana Territory.

Thomas Amendment

Proposed by Jesse Thomas, this established the 36°30' line in the Missouri Compromise, attempting to limit slavery's expansion.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Established that state legislatures could not invalidate contracts, strengthening the contract clause and federal judicial power.

Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819)

Protected private colleges and corporations from state interference by ruling that corporate charters were contracts protected by the Constitution.

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

Affirmed federal court supremacy over state courts in cases involving federal law and constitutional interpretation.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Established implied powers doctrine and federal supremacy, ruling that states cannot tax federal institutions like the national bank.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Broadly interpreted the commerce clause, establishing federal authority over interstate commerce and navigation.

Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)

Established that Native American tribes had rights of occupancy but not full sovereignty over their traditional lands.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Ruled that states could not regulate relations with Indian tribes, though Georgia ignored the decision with Jackson's tacit approval.