Soc Psy CHAPTER 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

The ____________ has been shown to reveal unconscious prejudices of people who say they advocate universal equality for all groups.

implicit association test

Sarah took the implicit association test (IAT) and found that she responded faster when "strong" words were paired with male names, compared with when "strong" words were paired with fe-male names. What does this finding suggest?

Sarah has a stereotype that men are stronger than women.

Recall that Glick and Fiske studied positive and negative stereotypes about women in 19 different countries. These researchers argue that

negative stereotypes have troublesome consequences, but positive stereotypes do not.

Stereotypes are

generalizations about groups that are often applied to individual group members.

Modern racism in the United States is characterized by

prejudice directed at other racial groups that coexists alongside a rejection of explicitly racist beliefs.

Janet believes that all Asians are polite and good at math. Janet is engaging in

stereotyping.

Bill's belief that all African Americans are good at sports exemplifies ____________. Bill's refusal to hire African Americans exemplifies ____________.

stereotyping; discrimination

According to the economic perspective, intergroup hostility is particularly likely to occur when

material resources are scarce.

Realistic group conflict theory posits that prejudice and discrimination arise from

competition over limited resources.

Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues conducted the "Robbers Cave" study, which generated conflict between two groups of boys. This study showed that

a superordinate goal reduced intergroup conflict.

The results of the "Robbers Cave" study suggest that ____________ creates more conditions that promote favorable intergroup contact than do ____________

the military; universities.

Mr. Biggs sets up his fifth grade classroom so that students need to teach each other and cooperate in order to do well. Thus, Mr. Biggs is applying

the jigsaw classroom technique.

If experimental groups are created using the minimal group paradigm, which of the following characteristics do these groups have?

Groups will be created using meaningless and arbitrary criteria so that there is no real difference between the groups.

Experiments that employ the minimal group paradigm show that

groups that are created on the basis of arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria tend to show ingroup favoritism.

Frustration-induced aggression tends to be

displaced toward relatively powerless groups.

Research shows that people are more likely to stereotype others or give in to their prejudices when ____________.

their own self-esteem is threatened.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates "basking in reflected glory"?

wearing your school's T-shirt whenever its football team wins

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the essence of social identity theory?

Jason's sense of self is determined by the triumphs and tribulations of his fraternity.

____________ posits that a person's self-concept and self-esteem are based in part on group membership and group success.

Social identity theory

"Basking in reflected glory" refers to a tendency to

take pride in the accomplishments of those with whom we are associated.

Frustration-aggression theory predicts that the probability of

insulting someone else should be higher after getting reprimanded by one's boss.

The ____________ perspective emphasizes that stereotypes can be useful categories that allow us to process information efficiently.

cognitive

According to the textbook, sexists who believe that all women are passive, dependent, and unintelligent maintain this stereotype by

categorizing active, independent, and smart women as special exceptions.

According to the textbook, stereotyping can sometimes be ____________ because it can ____________ our social environment.

useful; decrease the time and effort needed to deal with

People are more likely to form judgments on the basis of stereotypes when they are ____________ than when they are ____________.

at a low point in their circadian rhythm; at a high point in their circadian rhythm.

Research suggests that people tend to perceive ____________ variability of habit among members of the ingroup than they do among members of the outgroup because people are ____________

more; more likely to notice the idiosyncrasies of ingroup members.

Recall that Stone and his colleagues had participants listen to a play-by-play account of a college basketball game. The researchers manipulated whether participants thought a particular player named Mark was black or white. Results showed that

participants who thought Mark was white believed he was less athletic and played generally less well.

According to the social psychological concepts of distinctiveness and the illusory correlation, ____________ on the part of members of ____________ are particularly distinctive and memorable.

negative behaviors; minority groups

Research on the principle of paired distinctiveness has shown that people tend to ____________ a negative behavior is performed by members of a ____________.

overestimate how often; minority group

Patricia Devine's research indicates that the activation of stereotypes is typically ____________, and thus stereotypes ____________.

automatically controlled; are difficult for people to ignore

Research indicates that automatic, negative associations to members of various stigmatized groups appear to be more easily activated among

prejudiced individuals than among nonprejudiced individuals.

Recall that Payne and colleagues showed that white participants were faster to identify a weapon as a weapon when it was preceded by a picture of an African American face as opposed to a white face. Subsequent research suggests that this effect is due to

a stereotypic association between handguns and African Americans.

While sitting in a restaurant with a friend, John looks across the street and sees a black man shoving a white man. Research suggests that if John is white, he is likely to

assume that the black man was behaving aggressively.

Jim is prejudiced against Jewish people. Thus, Jim is likely to attribute a Jewish person's stereotype-inconsistent actions, such as an act of philanthropy, to ____________. In contrast, Jim is likely to attribute a Jewish person's stereotype-consistent actions, such as self-interested behavior, to ____________.

situational causes; dispositional causes

Bob believes strongly that the "typical" African American is good at sports and bad at business. Research suggests that if Bob encounters an African American who is bad at sports but an excel-lent businessman, he is likely to

invent a subtype of African Americans who can be good at business.

A certain college student believes that all male professors think alike

outgroup homogeneity

Thinking that members of a particular group are hostile, we may act toward them in a guarded manner. As a result, we may elicit a coldness that we see as proof of their hostility. This scenario captures the essence of

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Research on stereotype threat has shown that female students performed

worse on a math test when they were told beforehand that men tend to score higher.

Recall that Steele and Aronson (1995) showed that black participants performed relatively poorly on a test when they were led to believe it was a particularly good measure of intellectual ability. Which of the following concepts is most closely related to this finding?

stereotype threat

____________ is the fear that one will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding one's own group.

Stereotype threat

Jenny asks herself, "Did my officemate get the promotion instead of me because I'm overweight or because I'm really less qualified?" This sort of thought illustrates the ____________ that members of stigmatized groups are likely to experience in everyday life.

attributional ambiguity

Which of the following is NOT one of the requirements listed in the textbook for a situation in which contact between members of different groups will reduce prejudice?

clear penalties if group members show prejudice toward each other

The textbook suggests that even if schools are integrated, if children's parents don't encourage and support that integration, children will be less likely to meet and play with children from minority groups. In this case, which condition for reducing prejudice is NOT met?

contact supported by social norms