AP Euro Unit VIIII

What was the Yalta Conference?

US, England, and Russia meet to discuss the terms of Nazi Germany surrender - Germany would be divided

What did the Yalta Conference replace?

Replaced League of Nations with the United Nations (UN) - Germany not allowed

What were the focuses Postdam Conference?

Demilitarization, denazification, democratization, decentralization, and deindustrialization

What was the goal of the Postdam Conference?

Each allied power was to seize reparations from its own occupation zones

Destabilize Germany by dividing it into 4 occupation zones

What did the Soviet union want to promote?

Communism, balance power between Soviets and US, and keep Germany divided

How did Germany separate post WWII?

West Germany and East Germany which were separated by the Berlin Wall

What are the two new worlds powers post WWII?

US and USSR are the new world powers

What was the difference between US and USSR?

Have two opposing set of ideologies

What happened as the USSR liberated Eastern Europe?

Countries remained in the Soviet Sphere

What was the Iron Curtain?

Winston Churchill's speech that represents the division of Europe with E. Europe under Soviet influence

Berlin Blockade and Airlift

What was the Berlin Blockade Airlift?

US & Britain provide supplies to city blockaded by Communists

Capitalism vs Communism

Capitalism - private ownership, free markets, and individual profit, driving innovation but causing inequality

Communism - communal ownership and a state-planned economy to achieve equality - limits economic freedom

What was decided at the Yalta Conference?

US, England, and Russia divided Germany into four occupation zones, establish the United Nations, and pledge to support free elections in liberated Europe

What was the Truman Doctrine?

US Commitment to support countries resisting Communism

Interventionist

Free elections

$400 million aid to Greece and Turkey

What was the Marshall Plan?

US aid (food, machinery, etc) provided to rebuild Western Europe

Healthy economies would prevent Communism

Leads to European Economic Community (ECC) and World Trade Organization WTO

What was Molotov's Plan?

USSR's response to the Marshall Plan

Provides aid to Eastern European nations aligned with the Soviet Union

What was NATO?

Defensive alliance of 10 Western European countries, the US and Canada

Compromises of military with allied countries - does not have its own military

What does NATO stand for?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

What was the Warsaw Pact?

USSR's response to NATO

Alliance with Russia and Satellite Countries

What was the arms race?

Competition to build up the military weapons between the USSR and US

What was containment?

U.S. policy of stopping the spread of Communism through economic aid and military intervention

What did the Warsaw Pact force?

Forced nations to supply Russia with troops

What was built because of the Warsaw Pact?

Berlin Wall is built to keep East Berliners from fleeing to the West (NATO countries)

Who was leading and who won the Space Race?

Russia was leading and the US won

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

Fidel Castro led a successful Communist revolution in Cuba → JFK launched an attack on Cuba using Cuban exiles trained by the CIA to overthrow Castro

What was the Bay of Pigs?

The attack (Bay of Pigs invasion) was a disaster and a huge embarrassment for JFK → Castro deeply feared a US invasion

What did Cuba do to protect themselves from the US?

To protect themselves, Cuba began installing nuclear weapons → the US was terrified that the Cubans (backed by the Soviets) would attack

How did the Cuban Missile Crisis end?

Crisis ended after US imposed a quarantine -> USSR agreed to remove missiles from Cuba and US removed missiles from Turkey

What is Detente?

Easing of the Cold War tensions after years of competitions between US and Soviet Union

What does Detente replace?

Replaces Brinkmanship under Nixon - the idea that Nixon may be using nuclear weapons to scare enemies

What does Detente create?

Created a framework of cooperation between two superpowers Soviet politician Brezhnev and President Nixon meet

What was Perestroika?

Gorbachev initiates economic restructuring

What did Perestroika attempt?

Attempt to jump start the economy

What did Perestroika do?

Allowed limited private ownership of property

Shift from command to market economy

What is Glasnot and Democratization?

Gives freedom of speech and press

People start speaking out against the government

What happens because of Glasnot and Democratization?

Released political prisoners

Allows free elections

What was Stalin's Five Year Plan?

Focus was on industry growth at the expense of working and living conditions for ordinary people

Prices kept low but food, medicine, and consumer goods were in short supply

What were Stalin's government policies?

Collectivized agriculture

Soviet Bloc and COMECON countries also participate

What were Stalin's social welfare programs?

Free public schools with an emphasis on Science and Technology

Affordable (but low quality) housing/healthcare

What did Stalin enforce?

State Terror to suppress dissidents (Secret Police)

Berlin Wall

What did Stalin restrict?

Individual freedoms restricted for the good of the state

Soviet Bloc Nations had limited emigration

What did Khrushchev do after Stalin?

De-Stalinization policies

Ended political restrictions

What De-Stalinization policies did Khrushchev implement?

Freedom of expression

People can read what they want

Releasing some political prisoners

Shortening work week

Certain people can change jobs

More local decision making about agriculture

How did the USSR end?

Satellite nations economy declines

$ is spent on wars in Afghanistan

Who was Mikhail Gorbachev?

Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union and set out to bring the country out of crisis

Prestroika and Glasnot/Democratization

What was the reunification of Germany?

Fall of Berlin Wall

Helmut Kohl (Chancellor of Germany) leads to unification

What led to the collapse of the Soviet Union?

August Coup

What was the August Coup?

Mikhail Gorbachev is held captive by communists

Failed

When was Yugoslavia created?

During the peace process after WWI

Why was Yugoslavia created?

To unite South Slavic people into a single state after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empire

Who was Josep Tito?

President of Yugoslavia that promoted peace but was ineffective

Communist

Why did Yugoslavia fall?

After Tito, nationalists in the Balkans wanted to establish independent republics for Serbs

Ethnic crisis, economic crisis, and instability left by Tito

How did Yugoslavia dissolution begin?

Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia Herzegovnia declared its independence

What was happening in Northern Ireland?

NI - Protestant

Ireland - Catholic

Catholics in Northern Ireland were discriminated against

What did Catholics in Northern Ireland launch?

Civil Rights Movement

What did the Irish Republic Army (IRA) advocate for?

Complete Irish Independence

Had two factions

What were the Troubles?

Violent faction (of the IRA) (The Troubles) wanted to destabilize Northern Ireland and reunite the country of Ireland

Who were Unionists?

Protestants called Unionists - wanted to continue being part of the U.K (the troubles)

What did Britain do to Northern Ireland?

Britain's prime minister suspended Northern Ireland's parliament and constitution

Northern Ireland under direct British control

What was the Good Friday Agreement?

Local officials would control most of the gov't of Northern Ireland

What was happening to Basque in Spain?

Basque region of Spain and southwestern France have similar language and culture - different than the rest of Spain

What did the Basque region want?

This region wanted their own independence and formed the ETA to fight for an independent Basque state

What was the ethnic conflict in Belgium?

Flemish live in the north (Flanders; speak language similar to Dutch)

Walloons live in the south - speak French

What was the ethnic conflict in Chechnya?

Became independent after Soviet Union collapsed

Russia invades to regain control

What occurred as Russia invaded Chechnya?

Fighting was complicated by an emergence of islamist extremists

Russia occupies region

What was decolonization?

At the end of World War One, Woodrow Wilson advocated for self-determination

What was decolonization like in Britain?

Empire had become too costly and difficult to maintain

UN generally opposed colonialism

What countries were given independence in Britain?

Colonies granted independence: India, Sri Lanka, "Israel"/Palestine, Ghana, Nigeria

What was happening between India and Britain?

Indian National Congress & Muslim League initially cooperated but then sought separate states by independence/partition

What was French decolonization like?

Conflicts as French resist decolonization

Believed "assimilation" was a viable alternative to decolonization

What happened in Algeria?

National Liberation Front (FLN) led guerilla movement against France; independence granted by De Gaulle

What happened to Vietnam's independence from France?

Vietnam: Independence movement turned Cold War conflict

Viet Minh

Who was Ho Chi Minh?

Anti-colonial, nationalist, Communist leader; supported by the Viet Minh

Who was Ngo Dinh Diem?

Ngo Dinh Diem - backed by US

National Liberation Front & Viet Cong founded in opposition to Diem

What happened when US became involved with Vietnam?

US involvement peaked under Johnson and replaced with Vietnamization under Nixon

North Vietnam was victorious - communist

What did the Dutch lose because of decolonization?

Indonesia - Marxism, nationalism & Islam inspired rebels

What happened to Palestine lose because of decolonization?

Palestine divided into and Arab and Jewish state

What was the goal of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)?

To eliminate trade barriers on steel and coal

When was the ECSC?

1951

What did the ECSC do?

Created European Parliament (assembly/court) and collected tax income

What did the original members of the ECSC sign?

The Treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community (EEC)/Community Market

What was the welfare state?

Social benefits to all citizens

Increased educational and employment opportunities

What were the challenges of the Welfare State?

Social programs required high taxes

Who was Margaret Thatcher?

Margaret Thatcher (longest serving British prime minister) wanted to cut taxes and limit welfare programs

Conservative

How did Thatcher's policies effect industrial parts of England?

These spending cuts were harmful in industrial parts of England, unemployment increased

What was Thatcher's legacy like?

Privatized Industries (Gas, Steel, Airlines)

Rejected the idea it was society's duty to protect and nurture its citizens

What does it mean to privatize?

Privatized means to allow a previously government controlled industry to be privately owned instead

What is Thatcherism?

Synonymous with her economic policies, including cuts in public spending and tax cuts for high-income earners

What was Thatcher's overall goal?

Make Britain more competitive in the global marketplace by reducing the number of trade unions

What was the Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)?

First step in European Unification

Why was the Organization of European Cooperation created?

To administer Marshall Plan funds

What was the Maastricht Treaty?

Created common currency - the Euro

Also changed the EEC to the European Union (EU)

What were the positives of the European Union?

Tax free trade

Free movement for citizens across borders

Common currency

Political cooperation

What were the negatives of the European Union?

All participating countries must obey to certain rules and laws

Movement through borders: easy travel for criminals - migrants also pose a challenge

Wealthier countries have to support poorer countries

Vanishing cultures - people want to protect their language and traditions

What did 12 EU Nations want?

12 EU nations wanted physical barriers at borders

What was Brexit?

British citizens voted to leave the EU (Brexit)

What were the reasons to be for Brexit?

Take back Britain's sovereignty

They spend thousands of EU to help the EU

Allow for stricter immigration rules

What were the reasons to be against Brexit?

If they leave their economy will be harmed

Trade access

Jobs

Security

What does globalization mean?

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale (radio, tv, phones...)

What were the European Greens party?

Political party aimed at environmental ideals