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Cold War
Called this because there was no actual combat as there is in a "hot war".
proxy wars
Though the major powers (the United States and the Soviet Union) didn't enter into combat in the Cold War, the United States did fight hot what in Korea and Vietnam during this time.
Truman Doctrine, George Kennan
Truman asserted, "I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures." This statement, called the what, became the cornerstone of a larger policy, called containment, articulated by who.
containment
The idea of what came from what is known as the Long Telegram, which Kennan sent to Washington from his duty station in Germany, in 1946. This policy said that the United States would not instigate a war with the Soviet Union, but it would come to the defense of countries in danger of Soviet takeover.
Marshall Plan
The what, named for Secretary of State George Marshall, sent more than $12 billion to Europe to help rebuild its cities and economy.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
The United States also formed a mutual defense alliance with Canada and a number of countries in Western Europe called the what in 1949.
Berlin
The crisis where the previous year, however, helped convince Congress to support NATO. The crisis represented a culmination of events after World War II.
Berlin Blockade
The blockade continued for close to a year, by which point the blockade became such a political liability that the Soviets gave it up. The what occurred when the Soviets closed off access to the city during the Truman administration in 1948, while the Soviets erected the Berlin Wall in 1961 during the Kennedy administration to divide the city between the East and the West. Constructed of concrete and barbed wire, the wall separated the Soviet sector of Berlin from West Berlin and became a symbol of the Cold War. The wall was finally dismantled in 1989.
National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Not long after the United States joined NATO, the Soviets detonated their first atomic bomb. Fear of Soviet invasion or subterfuge also led to the creation of the what (a group of foreign affairs advisers who work for the president) and the what (the United States spy network).
National Security Council 68
a document that said the United States should invest much more money into military spending because they couldn't trust other countries to help protect them against communism.
reconstruction of Japan, Chinese Revolution
As if Truman didn't have enough headaches in Europe, he also had to deal with Asia. Two issues dominated U.S. policy in the region: the what and what.
Mao Zedong's
The United States was not as successful in China, where it chose to side with Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government against who’s Communist insurgents, during China's 20-year civil war (Mao having taken control of China in 1949).
Alger Hiss
In 1949, former State Department official Alger Hiss was found guilty of consorting with a communist spy (Richard Nixon was the congressman mostly responsible for Hiss's downfall).
Joseph McCarthy
It was this atmosphere that allowed a demagogic senator named who to rise from near anonymity to national fame. In 1950, he claimed to have a list of more than 200 known communists working for the State Department. He subsequently changed that number several times, which should have clued people into the fact that he was not entirely truthful.
Unchallenged, he went on to lead a campaign of innuendo that ruined the lives of thousands of innocent people.
blacklists
Those subpoenaed were often forced to confess to previous associations with communists and name others with similar associations. Industries created lists of those tainted by these charges, called what, which prevented the accused from working, just as it had been used against union organizers at the turn of the last century
Edward R. Murrow's, Army-McCarthy hearings
McCarthy's downfall came in 1954, during the Eisenhower administration, when he accused the Army of harboring communists. He had finally chosen too powerful a target. The Army fought back hard, and with help from who’s television show, in the what, McCarthy was made to look foolish. The public turned its back on him, and the era of McCarthyism ended, but public distrust and fear of communism remained.
United Mine Workers
Americans were particularly upset when workers in essential industries went on strike, as when the coal miners' strike (by the who) cut off the energy supply to other industries, shutting down steel foundries, auto plants, and more.
seizure of the mines
Americans cared little that the miners were fighting for basic rights. Truman followed the national mood, ordering a government what when a settlement could nor be reached.
Eightieth Congress
Labor and consumers, angry at skyrocketing prices, formed an alliance that helped the Republicans take control of the what in the 1946 midterm elections.
President's Committee on Civil Rights
Truman also alienated many voters (particularly in the South) by pursuing a civil rights agenda that, for its time, was progressive. He convened the President's Committee on Civil Rights, which in 1948 issued a report calling for an end to segregation and poll taxes, and for more aggressive enforcement of antilynching laws.
Jackie Robinson
The NAACP won some initial, important lawsuits against segregated schools and buses; Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in baseball; and Black groups started to form coalitions with liberal white organizations, thereby gaining more political clout.
Dixiecrats
These advances provoked an outbreak of flagrant racism in the South, and in 1948 segregationist Democrats, or what, abandoned the party to support Strom Thurmond for president.
Taft-Hartley Act
The what, passed over Truman's veto, prohibited "union only" work environments (called closed shops), restricted labor's right to strike, prohibited the use of union funds for political purposes, and gave the government broad power to intervene in strikes.
Korean War
The what began in June of 1950, when communist North Korea invaded U.S.-backed South Korea. Believing the Soviet Union to have engineered the invasion, the United States took swift countermeasures.
