japanese 8 grammar

noun/phraseと（いうの）は.... 　ことを言う/ ことだ

“~ means; ~ refers to” - explanation or definition of something

verb/noun(だ)と言っても

“nevertheless, even if i say (x), although i say (x)” usually at the start of a sentence

verb/noun(の)度に

“every time (when) ~; every ~” - suffix

そもそも

“in the first place; to begin with; originally; after all”

verb/noun(の)ふしがある

“there are some indications that ~; it seems that ~”

verbべきだ / べきではない

“should~; ought to~ / should not~; ought not to ~”

いかにもphrase/adjectiveそうだ

“it seems as if ~; it really seems to ~”

phraseという

“it is said that ~; they say ~”

verb stemつつ

“while ~”

verb stemかける / verb stemかけのN

“begin to do ~; N that (someone) had started to ~”

に...を感じさせられる / 考えさせられる

“be made to feel/think… by ~”

さらには

“additionally; further”

つまり

“namely; that is to say”

結果として

“as a result”

noun/verbにつれ（て）

“as something does~ (e.g. as time passes); as~; with~” - used to indicate that something takes place as x occurs

past verb/noun(の)末に

“at the end of doing~; after~”

verb/noun(だ)からこそ / verbてこそ

“the very~; it is that~; in particular; precisely; only”- used to emphasise the preceding word, when used は/が/を are dropped

nounとして

“as~” - (e.g. one’s duty as a parent)

ここ(time period/期間)

“these + (length of time); over the past + (length of time)”

〜なんか

“such a contemptuous thing/person as~” - usually negative connotation

いかにnoun/adj/verb/phraseか

“how; how much; in what way; how someone/something does”

phrase x…なぜなら (ば) reason for xからだ

“it is because ~”

nounにとって

“to; for; concerning; as far as … is concerned”

nounに対して

“towards; against; in contrast with; regarding”

verbさせる/せる

“to make/let someone do something” - causative form

noun感

“feeling, sensation, emotion, admiration, impression” - suffix

noun観

“look, appearance, spectacle, sight, observation meditation → outlook on” - suffix

verb stem/noun(の)がち

“tend to ~ (undesirable tendency)” - negative connotation

phrase/nounによる

“depends on~”

xもあればyもある /  xもいればyもいる

“some things/people are x, while others are y”

(それ)nounに対して / verb/adjのに対して

“in contrast to ~; as opposed to ~”

clause(か)(どうか)が問題ではなく、clause(か)(どうか)が重要だ

“what matters is not ~, but ~”

verbざるを得ない

“have no choice but to ~” - exception is しない which becomes せ

verb stemず(に）

“without doing ~” - exception is する which becomes せず

verb stemやすい

“easy to (x), prone to (x), likely to (x) (where x is the verb stem that precedes やすい)”

verb stem込む

“in; into; deeply; heavily; thoroughly; completely”

noun的

“considering/within the category of (a), (b) or ~ly', ~like, and ~al“ - suffix

noun性

"-ness, -ity, -cy," - suffix that refers to quality or condition, transforming the noun into something that describes a characteristic, quality, or attribute of that noun

verb stemたて

“just done, newly done, freshly done” - suffix referring to something directly after it has been done, not that it’s finished

verb/noun(だ)とすれば

“in the case of; assuming; if a then b”

verb/nounにとどまる

“to be limited to, not just”

verb/noun(の)割に

“considering; despite; even though; compared to”

verbに従って

“in accordance with; according to; therefore”

noun(である)/verb一方(で)

“on one hand, on the other hand; although”

verbに限る/限られる

“is best; nothing is better than”

verb/verb(ない)/nounほど…はない/いない

“is not as (x) as (y)”

nounを通して

“through; via; by”

noun(である)/verb(が)ゆえに

“therefore; consequently​; because of; due to”

しかもphrase

“moreover; furthermore” usually at the start of a sentence

nounに向けて

“to face; to go towards; to head to”

a(が)、逆にb

“although a, conversely b”