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Static Electricity

Results from friction, causing a stationary form of electricity.

Charge

Neutral objects have equal positive and negative charges; positive charge indicates a shortage of electrons, while negative charge signifies an excess of electrons.

Forces between Charges

Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract.

Polarisation

A charged object near a neutral one causes charges to separate, creating a positive and negative side while the object remains neutral overall.

Electrical Current

The continuous flow of charge (electrons) in a closed circuit with a source of energy and conductors.

Circuit Interruption

Open circuit possibilities include loose contacts at switches, connections, or broken wires, disrupting the flow of current.

Battery

A combination of cells in series that converts chemical energy into electrical energy to power devices.

Resistor

Offers resistance to current flow, with larger resistance leading to smaller current.

Fuse

A device with a low melting point that interrupts current if too large, protecting electrical devices and preventing fires.

Effects of Electrical Current

Includes heating effect (e.g., light bulbs, stoves), magnetic effect (e.g., electromagnets, speakers), and chemical effect (e.g., electrolysis).

Current Electricity

Conventional current flows from the positive to the negative pole, with series circuits having one path for charge flow and parallel circuits having multiple paths.

Output and Input Devices

LED converts electrical energy to light energy, photocell produces electrical power from light, and doorbells or buzzers use electromagnets to convert electrical energy to motion and sound energy.